Oceanography

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ISBN: 9780748754427 | 0748754423
Cover: Nonspecific Binding
Copyright: 3/18/2004

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This work provides a wide perspective of the oceans by examining their places in the earth sciences, drawing together all the key strands of ocean study and presenting a holistic view of ocean processes, ancient and modern.

Preface

PART A: THE ESSENTIALS OF MODERN OCEANOGRAPHY

(112)

Introduction: basics of oceanography for Earth scientists

(14)

The limits of oceanography

(2)

Four or five oceans and many seas

(3)

Geomorphology of the ocean floor

(4)

Continental margins

(1)

Deep ocean basins

(2)

Mid-ocean ridges

(1)

Change in the ocean system

(2)

Studying the oceans

(1)

A short history of oceanography

(1)

Problems and techniques

(1)

The amazing properties of water

(1)

Conclusion

(1)

Summary

(2)

The nature of seawater and its importance in ocean processes

(14)

Introduction

(1)

Properties of water

(3)

Hydrogen bonding

(1)

The three phases of water

(1)

Heat capacity

(1)

Density

(1)

Thermal expansion

(1)

Water as a solvent

(1)

Seawater chemical composition

(3)

Categories of composition

(1)

Major constituents

(1)

Minor (or trace) constituents

(1)

Nutrients

(3)

Dissolved gases

(1)

Organic material

(1)

The chemical and physical structure of the oceans

(5)

Salinity

(1)

Temperature

(1)

Temperature and latitude

(2)

Vertical distribution of temperature

(1)

Density

(1)

Ocean-air interface

(1)

Conclusion

(1)

Summary

(3)

The movement of ocean waters

(28)

Introduction-the perspective of seawater circulation

(2)

Surface ocean circulation

(14)

General features

(1)

Effects of atmospheric circulation patterns

(3)

Coriolis effect: principles

(2)

Coriolis effect in oceans: ocean gyres, Ekman transport and upwelling

(2)

Seasonal variation: the Asian monsoon

(1)

The geostrophic model of ocean flow

(1)

Western boundary intensification

(1)

Importance of eddies

(2)

Special conditions in the Antarctic region

(1)

Waves and tides

(2)

Deep ocean circulation

(10)

Formation of new water masses and their properties

(4)

Thermohaline circulation

(2)

The global conveyor in perspective

(2)

Circulation in the Mediterranean, and basin outflow

(2)

El Nino, the ultimate interactive system?

(1)

Conclusion

(1)

Summary

(1)

Crust-ocean interactions

(20)

Introduction: the nature of crust-ocean interactions

(1)

Oceanographic relevance of the Earth's structure and behaviour

(9)

Basic features

(1)

Isostasy

(3)

Isostatic rebound in the Baltic area

(2)

Interactions of continental and oceanic crust

(1)

The oceanographic significance of plate tectonic activity

(2)

The global crustal-ocean system

(10)

The ocean steady state

(1)

Dynamics of seawater-crust interchange

(2)

Vertical and horizontal distribution of dissolved ocean constituents, and removal mechanisms

(1)

Exceptions to the rule of constant proportions

(1)

Seawater oxygenation; the importance of the Black Sea model

(4)

The seawater CO2 system

(1)

Diagenesis

(1)

Principles

(1)

Early diagenesis

(1)

Burial diagenesis

(1)

Conclusion

(1)

Summary

(1)

Marine sedimentary deposits

(18)

Introduction

(1)

Types of sedimentary deposits

(3)

Distribution of sedimentary deposits in oceans

(1)

Continental margin marine sedimentary deposits

(4)

Shallow water marine clastics

(3)

Slopes

(1)

Carbonate platforms

(1)

Ocean basin sedimentary deposits: clays and oozes

(2)

Pelagic clays

(1)

Biogenic calcareous oozes

(1)

Biogenic siliceous oozes

(1)

Calcium carbonate precipitation, seawater buffering, and the carbonate compensation depth (CCD)

(4)

Calcium carbonate precipitation and buffering

(3)

CCD

(1)

Orthochemical sedimentary deposits

(2)

Evaporites

(1)

Metalliferous sediments and hydrothermal deposits

(2)

Fe-Mn nodules and Fe crusts

(1)

Phosphorites, barite and glauconite

(1)

Volcaniclastic marine deposits

(1)

Conclusion

(1)

Summary

(1)

Marine ecosystems and oceanography

(16)

Introduction

(1)

Fundamentals of marine ecosystems

(5)

Ocean life

(2)

Biologically critical features of water

(1)

Ocean habitats

(2)

Ecosystem operations

101

(1)

Ocean communities-process and products

102

(6)

Ocean community distribution and tiering

102

(3)

Fate of organic carbon

105

(3)

Ocean ecosystem timescales

108

(3)

Daily to yearly

108

(1)

Longer timescales

108

(1)

Unconformities, sedimentation rates and their significance in modern and ancient ocean ecosystems

108

(2)

Biogeographic provinces

110

(1)

Taphonomy

111

(1)

Conclusion

111

(1)

Summary

111

(2)

PART B: EVOLUTION OF THE OCEANS IN GEOLOGICAL TIME

113

(104)

Studying the oceans in geological time

115

(4)

Introduction

115

(1)

Sources of information for ocean composition study

116

(1)

Where geology and oceanography meet

117

(1)

`Would have' and `may have': the theorists' pets

118

(1)

Precambrian ocean change

119

(24)

Introduction: why study the Precambrian ocean?

119

(1)

Geological setting of the early ocean

119

(2)

Iron, oxygen and life in the ocean waves and elsewhere

121

(7)

Theories of life's origins and the role of oceans

121

(2)

Iron and life

123

(1)

Oxygen, ozone and the ozone shield

124

(1)

Complications with Precambrian iron formations, oxygen and life

125

(3)

Seawater carbonates, evaporites, CO2 and a warm Earth

128

(5)

The faint young Sun paradox

128

(1)

No change in ocean composition through time?

129

(1)

The soda ocean-an extreme chemical state of the oceans

129

(2)

The CaCO3 and CaSO4 problem and a compromise scenario

131

(1)

CaCO3

131

(1)

CaSO4

131

(2)

Evidence from terrestrial environments

133

(1)

Late Precambrian events

133

(4)

Strontium isotopes and tectonic change

133

(3)

BIF and glaciation

136

(1)

Ocean change at the Precambrian/Cambrian boundary

137

(3)

Mg/Ca ratios and the aragonite-calcite seas debate

137

(2)

Calcium and life

139

(1)

Conclusion

140

(1)

Summary

140

(3)

Trends in Phanerozoic oceans

143

(42)

Introduction: progressive, cyclic and rhythmic change governs the Phanerozoic oceans

143

(1)

Background to the Phanerozoic oceans

143

(6)

Nature of the evidence

143

(1)

Phanerozoic crustal evolution, and its oceanographic implications

143

(6)

Key elements of change in Phanerozic oceans

149

(1)

Continental configurations through time and global ocean circulation trends

149

(4)

Basic patterns

149

(1)

Circumglobal currents

150

(2)

Features of opening oceans: examples of the Atlantic Ocean

152

(1)

CO2 and O2: models, measurements and results

153

(4)

Phanerozoic carbon stores

153

(2)

Modelling the changes

155

(1)

Measurements and models: limestone petrology, geochemistry and Sandberg's curve

156

(1)

Matching the curves: greenhouse and icehouse worlds

157

(2)

Phanerozoic ocean biotic change and its controlling factors

159

(9)

Basic patterns and problems

159

(2)

Diversity controls

161

(2)

Complexity in diversity study

163

(4)

Carbonate platforms and reefs

167

(1)

Cycles within cycles: ocean change is complex

168

(11)

Global and regional cyclicity, and sedimentary sequences

168

(1)

Tectono- and glacio-eustasy

169

(1)

Silurian reef cycles

169

(2)

Carboniferous change

171

(2)

Permian carbonate-evaporite sequences of the North Sea area

173

(2)

Splendid insolation: orbital forcing and ocean processes revealed by small-scale features

175

(4)

Conclusion

179

(1)

Summary

179

(6)

Short-term changes in Phanerozoic oceans

185

(32)

Introduction

185

(1)

Catastrophes, organisms and ocean systems

185

(1)

Oceans and glaciations I: the enigmatic Late Ordovician event

186

(7)

The Late Ordovician rock record

186

(2)

Late Ordovician sedimentary geochemistry

188

(5)

Oceans and glaciations II: the Late Quaternary Younger Dryas cooling and related events

193

(3)

Ocean change and anoxia I: principles

196

(7)

Background: general patterns of modern ocean oxygen deficiency

196

(3)

Recent and modern ocean oxygen deficiency: records from the California Borderland Silled Basins

199

(3)

A warning for palaeoceanography: modern diatom oozes

202

(1)

Oceans and anoxia II: Oceanic Anoxic Events (OAEs)

203

(1)

Oceans and anoxia III: the end-Permian mass extinction

203

(5)

Other extinctions

208

(2)

Salinity fluctuations: the Messinian salinity crisis

210

(3)

Oceans and earthquakes

213

(1)

Conclusions

214

(1)

Summary

214

(3)

PART C: HUMAN IMPACTS ON THE OCEAN SYSTEMS

217

(27)

Degradation of the marine environment

219

(16)

Introduction

219

(1)

Marine pollution: the nature of the problem

219

(1)

Marine pollution I: nutrients

219

(4)

Nutrients and environmental change

219

(2)

Nutrients in the North Sea and Baltic Sea

221

(2)

Red tides

223

(1)

Marine pollution II: anthropogenic radionuclides

223

(1)

Marine pollution III: heavy metals

224

(2)

Heavy metal toxicity

224

(1)

Heavy metal dispersal

225

(1)

Heavy metals and the estuarine filter

225

(1)

Marine pollution IV: bioaccumulation of pesticides and PCBs

226

(3)

Overexploitation of biological resources-`over-fishing'

229

(2)

The scale of the problem

229

(1)

The way forward, and the role of aquaculture

230

(1)

Coral reefs

231

(1)

Marine protection: the legal framework

231

(1)

Conclusion

232

(1)

Summary

232

(3)

Ocean systems and the anthropogenic greenhouse

235

(7)

Introduction: the greenhouse in perspective

235

(1)

The anthropogenic greenhouse effect

235

(2)

Response of the ocean system

237

(2)

Impacts of global warming on the oceans

237

(1)

The oceans as mediators of climate change

237

(1)

Negative feedback processes

238

(1)

Positive feedback in the oceans: amplification of climate change and the `Clathrate gun' hypothesis

238

(1)

Current evidence for changes in the ocean system

239

(1)

Relationship between coral reefs and CO2

239

(1)

Conclusion

240

(1)

Summary

240

(2)

Conclusion: an earth science perspective of the oceans

242

(2)

Appendix: Chemistry for oceanographers

244

(9)

A.1 Do you have chemistry phobia? If so read on

244

(1)

A.2 Jargon-busting: the components of chemistry

244

(4)

A.3 Important chemicals in oceanographic studies

248

(5)

References

253

(13)

Index

266

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Oceanography

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials