Optical Code Division Multiple Access: Fundamentals and Applications

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ISBN: 9780849336836 | 084933683X
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 12/20/2005

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Code-division multiple access (CDMA) technology has been widely adopted in cell phones. Its astonishing success has led many to evaluate the promise of this technology for optical networks. This field has come to be known as Optical CDMA (OCDMA). Surveying the field from its infancy to the current state, Optical Code Division Multiple Access: Fundamentals and Applications offers the first comprehensive treatment of OCDMA from technology to systems.The book opens with a historical perspective, demonstrating the growth and development of the technologies that would eventually evolve into today's optical networks. Building on this background, the discussion moves to coherent and incoherent optical CDMA coding techniques and performance analysis of these codes in fiber optic transmission systems. Individual chapters provide detailed examinations of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) technology including theory, design, and applications; coherent OCDMA systems; and incoherent OCDMA systems. Turning to implementation, the book includes hybrid multiplexing techniques along with system examples and conversion techniques to connect networks that use different multiplexing platforms, state-of-the-art integration technologies, OCDMA network security issues, and OCDMA network architectures and applications, including a look at possible future directions.Featuring contributions from a team of international experts led by a pioneer in optical technology, Optical Code Division Multiple Access: Fundamentals and Applications places the concepts, techniques, and technologies in clear focus for anyone working to build next-generation optical networks.

Chapter 1 Optical Code Division Multiple Access: A Historical Perspective

(54)

Antonio J. Mendez and Burke J. Anderson

1.1 Introduction

(5)

1.1.1 ABCD

(1)

1.1.2 GFGH

(3)

1.1.3 LMCD

(1)

1.2 Early History (Before 1980)

(1)

1.3 1980-1984

(1)

1.4 1985-1989

(2)

1.5 1990-1994

(3)

1.6 1995-1999

(4)

1.7 2000-2004

(5)

1.8 Future Trends, Applications, and Unfinished Business

(1)

References

(33)

Chapter 2 Optical CDMA Codes

(26)

Wing C. Kwong and Guu-Chang Yang

2.1 Overview

(2)

2.2 Constructions of Coherent Codes

(2)

2.2.1 Maximal-Length Sequences

(1)

2.2.2 Walsh Codes

(1)

2.2.3 Gold Sequences

(1)

2.3 Constructions of Incoherent Codes

(4)

2.3.1 Optical Orthogonal Codes

(3)

2.3.1.1 Constructions of (n, w, 1, 1) OOC

(1)

2.3.1.2 Constructions of (n, w, 1, 2) OOC

(1)

2.3.2 Prime Codes

(1)

2.4 Performance Analysis and Comparison of Coherent and Incoherent Codes

(3)

2.5 Advanced Incoherent Codes

(11)

2.5.1 Extended Carrier-Hopping Prime Code

(3)

2.5.2 Multiple-Length Extended Carrier-Hopping Prime Code

(6)

2.5.3 Application to Multirate, Multimedia OCDMA Systems

(1)

2.6 Summary

(1)

Acknowledgment

(1)

References

(3)

Chapter 3 Information Capacity of Nonlinear Fiber-Optical Systems: Fundamental Limits and OCDMA Performance

(30)

Evgenii Narimanov

3.1 Introduction

(2)

3.2 Fiber Optical Communication System as an Information Channel

(7)

3.2.1 Light Propagation in Nonlinear Fiber-Optical Systems

(2)

3.2.2 Information-Theoretical Description

(5)

3.3 The Fundamental Limit to the Information Capacity of a Nonlinear Fiber-Optical System

(7)

3.3.1 The Perturbative Calculation of the Information Capacity

(2)

3.3.2 The Discussion

(4)

3.4 The Information Capacity of Fiber-Optical CDMA Systems

(9)

3.4.1 Coherent CDMA

(3)

3.4.2 Incoherent CDMA

100

(4)

3.4.3 The Effect of Dispersion

104

(1)

3.4.4 Performance Comparison and Discussion

104

(2)

3.5 Advanced Coding Techniques for Performance Improvement

106

(3)

3.6 Summary and Conclusions

109

(1)

References

110

(1)

Chapter 4 Optical Code-Division Multiple-Access Enabled by Fiber Bragg Grating Technology

111

(54)

Lawrence R. Chen

4.1 Introduction

112

(2)

4.2 Fiber Bragg Grating Technology

114

(5)

4.2.1 Overview

114

(1)

4.2.2 Theory of FBGs

115

(4)

4.3 FBGs for FOCDMA

119

(39)

4.3.1 Spectral Amplitude Encoding FOCDMA

119

(12)

4.3.1.1 Overview

119

(2)

4.3.1.2 Some General Considerations

121

(5)

4.3.1.3 Experimental Results

126

(2)

4.3.1.4 Discussion

128

(3)

4.3.2 Phase Encoding

131

(9)

4.3.2.1 Overview

131

(1)

4.3.2.2 Pulse Propagation in FBGs under the Weak Grating Limit

132

(1)

4.3.2.3 General Phase Encoding/Decoding by Pulse Reflection from FBGs

133

(1)

4.3.2.4 Segmented FBGs

133

(2)

4.3.2.5 SS-FBGs

135

(3)

4.3.2.6 Discussion

138

(2)

4.3.3 Wavelength-Time Encoding

140

(26)

4.3.3.1 Overview

140

(1)

4.3.3.2 Single and Parallel Linear FBG Arrays

141

(8)

4.3.3.3 Chirped Moiré Gratings

149

(7)

4.3.3.4 Discussion

156

(2)

4.4 Summary and Conclusion

158

(1)

Acknowledgments

159

(1)

References

159

(6)

Chapter 5 Coherent Optical CDMA Systems

165

(34)

Paul Toliver, Shahab Etemad, and Ron Menendez

5.1 Introduction

165

(1)

5.2 Coherent OCDMA Approaches

166

(5)

5.2.1 Spectral Phase Coded OCDMA (SPC-OCDMA)

166

(3)

5.2.1.1 Wideband vs. Narrowband SPC-OCDMA

168

(1)

5.2.2 Temporal Phase Coded OCDMA (TPC-OCDMA)

169

(2)

5.3 Subsystem Technologies

171

(16)

5.3.1 Mode-Locked Lasers

171

(1)

5.3.2 Data Modulation and Demodulation

172

(6)

5.3.2.1 RZ-OOK

172

(2)

5.3.2.2 RZ-DPSK

174

(2)

5.3.2.3 RZ-duobinary

176

(2)

5.3.3 Spectral Phase Encoder/Decoder Technologies

178

(4)

5.3.3.1 Diffraction Grating–Based OCDMA

178

(1)

5.3.3.2 VIPA-Based OCDMA

179

(2)

5.3.3.3 Micro Ring Resonator–Based OCDMA

181

(1)

5.3.4 MultiUser Interference Rejection

182

(5)

5.3.4.1 Optical Time Gating

183

(3)

5.3.4.2 Optical Thresholding

186

(1)

5.4 Code Selection for SPC-OCDMA

187

(3)

5.4.1 Orthogonal Codes: Binary Walsh-Hadamard

189

(1)

5.5 OCDMA Network Architectures for SPC-OCDMA

190

(6)

5.5.1 Point-to-Point Multiplexing Transmission Links

190

(1)

5.5.2 Star Networks, Single Cascaded

191

(2)

5.5.3 Ring Networks and Add/drop Architectures

193

(1)

5.5.4 Shared Code Scrambling

194

(2)

5.6 Summary

196

(1)

References

196

(3)

Chapter 6 Incoherent Optical CDMA Systems

199

(42)

Varghese Baby, Darren Rand, Camille-Sophie Brès, Lei Xu, Ivan Glesk, and Paul R. Prucnal

6.1 Introduction

199

(4)

6.2 Wavelength-Hopping Time-Spreading: System Architecture

203

(5)

6.2.1 Transmitter and Receiver Design

203

(2)

6.2.2 Derivation of Code Matrix Dimensions

205

(3)

6.3 Subsystem Technologies

208

(18)

6.3.1 Multiwavelength Source

208

(2)

6.3.2 Filter Technologies

210

(5)

6.3.2.1 Fiber Bragg Gratings

210

(1)

6.3.2.2 Arrayed Waveguide Gratings

211

(1)

6.3.2.3 Integrated Holographic En/Decoder

212

(2)

6.3.2.4 Thin-Film Filters

214

(1)

6.3.3 Tunable Time-Delay Elements

215

(4)

6.3.3.1 Switched Serial Delay Line

215

(1)

6.3.3.2 Gated Serial Delay Line

216

(2)

6.3.3.3 Compression-Based Gated Delay Lines

218

(1)

6.3.4 Technologies for Reduction of Multiple Access Interference

219

(24)

6.3.4.1 Terahertz Optical Asymmetric Demultiplexer (TOAD)

222

(4)

6.4 Experimental Demonstration of Wavelength-Hopping Time-Spreading

226

(6)

6.5 Conclusions

232

(1)

Acknowledgments

233

(1)

References

233

(8)

Chapter 7 Hybrid Multiplexing Techniques (OCDMA/TDM/WDM)

241

(32)

Hideyuki Sotobayashi

7.1 Introduction

241

(2)

7.2 Hybrid Multiplexing Transmission System

243

(10)

7.2.1 Large Capacity TDM/WDM Transmission System

243

(3)

7.2.1.1 Key Technologies

244

(1)

7.2.1.2 Large Capacity TDM/WDM Transmission System

245

(1)

7.2.2 Spectrally Efficient OCDMA/WDM Transmission System

246

(7)

7.2.2.1 Key Technologies of the Spectrally Efficient OCDMA Transmission

246

(4)

7.2.2.2 Spectrally Efficient OCDMA/WDM Transmission System

250

(3)

7.3 Photonic Gateway: Multiplexing Format Conversion

253

(8)

7.3.1 Photonic Gateway: Bi-Directional TDM-WDM Conversions

253

(3)

7.3.2 Photonic Gateway: Bi-Directional WDM-OCDMA Conversions

256

(5)

7.4 OCDMA/WDM Virtual Optical Path Cross Connect

261

(7)

7.4.1 OCDMA/WDM Virtual Optical Path Network

263

(1)

7.4.2 OCDMA/WDM Virtual Optical Path Network Cross Connect

263

(5)

7.5 Summary

268

(1)

Acknowledgments

268

(1)

References

268

(5)

Chapter 8 Integration Technologies

273

(38)

Ivan Andonovic

8.1 Introduction

274

(4)

8.1.1 Background

274

(1)

8.1.2 Integration

274

(4)

8.2 Integration Strategies

278

(14)

8.2.1 Technology Demonstrators

278

(1)

8.2.2 Hybrid Integration

279

(9)

8.2.2.1 Micro-Optic Platforms

279

(1)

8.2.2.2 Hybrid Waveguide Platforms

280

(8)

8.2.3 Monolithic Integration

288

(3)

8.2.4 Opto-Electronic Integrated Circuits (OEICs)

291

(1)

8.3 Encoding/Decoding for OCDMA Systems

292

(7)

8.3.1 General

292

(1)

8.3.2 Encoding/Decoding Architectures

292

(6)

8.3.2.1 Incoherent

292

(2)

8.3.2.2 Coherent

294

(2)

8.3.2.3 Hybrid

296

(2)

8.3.3 Encoder/Decoder Demonstrators

298

(1)

8.4 Integrated Modules

299

(4)

8.4.1 General

299

(1)

8.4.2 Basic Functions

300

(13)

8.4.2.1 Sources

300

(1)

8.4.2.2 Passive Waveguides

301

(1)

8.4.2.3 Filters

302

(1)

8.4.2.4 Switches and Gates

302

(1)

8.4.2.5 Modulators

302

(1)

8.4.2.6 Receivers

303

(1)

8.5 Conclusions

303

(1)

Acknowledgments

304

(1)

References

304

(7)

Chapter 9 Optical CDMA Network Security

311

(20)

Peter A. Schulz and Thomas H. Shake

9.1 Introduction

311

(2)

9.2 Security

313

(9)

9.2.1 General Security Issues

313

(1)

9.2.2 Optical CDMA Network Security Issues

314

(3)

9.2.3 Code Space Size

317

(3)

9.2.4 Code Properties Relevant to Security

320

(1)

9.2.5 Optical CDMA Secure-Network Designer Strategy

321

(1)

9.3 Quantifying OCDMA Confidentiality

322

(5)

9.3.1 Lessons from the Radar Detection Problem

322

(3)

9.3.2 An Example

325

(2)

9.3.3 What Can the Secure-Network Designer Do?

327

(1)

9.4 OCDMA for Authentication

327

(1)

9.5 Conclusions

328

(1)

References

329

(2)

Chapter 10 Optical CDMA Network Architectures and Applications

331

(38)

Robert J. Runser

10.1 Introduction

331

(1)

10.2 Local Area Networks

332

(19)

10.2.1 Passive Star Networks

334

(5)

10.2.1.1 Simple Star Networks

335

(2)

10.2.1.2 Spatial Encoding on Star Networks

337

(2)

10.2.2 Tree Networks

339

(2)

10.2.3 Ring and Bus Networks

341

(4)

10.2.4 Mesh Networks

345

(1)

10.2.5 Free Space and Wireless Infrared Communications

346

(5)

10.2.6 Network Implementation Considerations

351

(1)

10.3 Applications Demonstrations

351

(14)

10.3.1 Multimedia Networks using Optical CDMA

352

(4)

10.3.1.1 Video Distribution

352

(2)

10.3.1.2 Image Transmission Using Spatial Spread Spectrum Techniques

354

(2)

10.3.2 Radio Over Fiber Networks

356

(4)

10.3.3 Robust LANs and Interconnects for Hostile Environments

360

(2)

10.3.4 Optical Sensor Multiplexing

362

(3)

10.4 Summary

365

(1)

References

365

(4)

Index

369

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Optical Code Division Multiple Access: Fundamentals and Applications

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