Optical Properties of Condensed Matter And Applications

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ISBN: 9780470021927 | 0470021926
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 10/6/2006

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Following a semi-quantitative approach, this book presents a summary of the basic concepts, with examples and applications, and reviews recent developments in the study of optical properties of condensed matter systems.Key Features:Covers basic knowledge as well as application topicsIncludes theory, experimental techniques and current and developing applicationsTimely and useful contribution to the literatureWritten by internationally respected contributors working in physics and electrical engineering departments and government laboratories

Series Preface.

Preface.

1 Fundamental Optical Properties of Materials (W.C. Tan, K. Koughia, J. Singh, and S.O. Kasap).

1.1 Introduction.

1.2 Optical Constants.

1.2.1 Refractive index and extinction coefficient.

1.2.2 n and K, and Kramers–Kronig relations.

1.3 Refractive Index and Dispersion.

1.3.1 Cauchy dispersion relation.

1.3.2 Sellmeier dispersion equation.

1.3.3 Refractive index of semiconductors.

1.3.4 Gladstone–Dale formula and oxide glasses.

1.3.5 Wemple–DiDomenico dispersion relation.

1.3.6 Group index.

1.4 The Swanepoel Technique: Measurement of n and a.

1.4.1 Uniform-thickness films.

1.4.2 Thin films with nonuniform thickness.

1.5 Conclusions.

2 Fundamental Optical Properties of Materials II (K. Koughia, J. Singh, S.O. Kasap, and H.E. Ruda).

2.1 Introduction.

2.2 Lattice or Reststrahlen Absorption and Infrared Reflection.

2.3 Free-Carrier Absorption (FCA).

2.4 Band-to-Band or Fundamental Absorption (Crystalline Solids).

2.5 Impurity Absorption.

2.5.1 Optical absorption of trivalent rare earth ions: Judd–Ofelt analysis.

2.5.2 Optical absorption cross-section.

2.6 Effect of External Fields.

2.6.1 Electro-optic effects.

2.6.2 Electro-absorption and Franz–Keldysh effect.

2.6.3 Faraday effect.

2.7 Conclusions.

3 Optical Properties of Disordered Condensed Matter (K. Shimakawa, J. Singh, and S.K. O’Leary).

3.1 Introduction.

3.2 Fundamental Optical Absorption (Experimental).

3.2.1 Amorphous chalcogenides.

3.2.2 Hydrogenated nanocrystalline silicon (nc-Si:H).

3.3 Absorption Coefficient (Theory).

3.4 Compositional Variation of the Optical Bandgap in Amorphous Chalcogenides.

3.5 Conclusions.

4 Concept of Excitons (J. Singh and H.E. Ruda).

4.1 Introduction.

4.2 Excitons in Crystalline Solids.

4.2.1 Excitonic absorption in crystalline solids.

4.3 Excitons in Amorphous Semiconductors.

4.3.1 Excitonic absorption in amorphous solids.

4.4 Conclusions.

5 Photoluminescence (T. Aoki).

5.1 Introduction.

5.2 Fundamental Aspects of Photoluminescence (PL) in Condensed Matter.

5.3 Experimental Aspects.

5.3.1 Static PL spectroscopy.

5.3.2 Photoluminescence excitation spectroscopy (PLES) and photoluminescence absorption spectroscopy (PLAS).

5.3.3 Time-resolved spectroscopy (TRS).

5.3.4 Time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC).

5.3.5 Frequency-resolved spectroscopy (FRS).

5.3.6 Quadrature frequency-resolved spectroscopy (QFRS).

5.4 Photoluminescence Lifetime Spectroscopy of Amorphous Semiconductors by QFRS Technique.

5.4.1 Overview.

5.4.2 Dual-phase double lock-in (DPDL) QFRS technique.

5.4.3 Exploring broad PL lifetime distribution in a-Si:H and a-Ge:H by wideband QFRS.

5.4.4 Residual PL decay of a-Si:H.

5.5 Conclusions.

6 Photoluminescence and Photoinduced Changes in Noncrystalline Condensed Matter (J. Singh).

6.1 Introduction.

6.2 Photoluminescence.

6.2.1 Radiative recombination operator and transition matrix element.

6.2.2 Rates of spontaneous emission.

6.2.3 Results of spontaneous emission and radiative lifetime.

6.2.4 Temperature dependence of PL.

6.2.5 Excitonic concept.

6.3 Photoinduced Changes in Amorphous Chalcogenides.

6.3.1 Effect of photo-excitation and phonon interaction.

6.3.2 Excitation of a single electron – hole pair.

6.3.3 Pairing of like excited charge carriers.

6.4 Conclusions.

7 Light-induced Volume Changes in Chalcogenide Glasses (S. Kugler, J. Hegedüs, and K. Kohary).

7.1 Introduction.

7.2 Simulation Method.

7.3 Sample Preparation.

7.4 Light-induced Phenomena.

7.4.1 Electron excitation.

7.4.2 Hole creation.

7.5 Macroscopic Models.

7.5.1 Ideal, reversible case (a-Se).

7.5.2 Nonideal, irreversible case (a-As<sub>2</sub>Se<sub>3</sub>).

7.6 Conclusions.

8 Optical Properties of Glasses (A. Edgar).

8.1 Introduction.

8.2 The Refractive Index.

8.3 Glass Interfaces.

8.4 Dispersion.

8.5 Sensitivity of the Refractive Index.

8.5.1 Temperature dependence.

8.5.2 Stress dependence.

8.5.3 Magnetic field dependence – the Faraday effect.

8.5.4 Chemical perturbations – molar refractivity.

8.6 Glass Color.

8.6.1 Coloration by colloidal metals and semiconductors.

8.6.2 Optical absorption in rare-earth-doped glass.

8.6.3 Absorption by 3d metal ions.

8.7 Fluorescence in Rare-earth-doped Glass.

8.8 Glasses for Fibre Optics.

8.9 Refractive Index Engineering.

8.10 Transparent Glass Ceramics.

8.10.1 Introduction.

8.10.2 Theoretical basis for transparency.

8.10.3 Rare-earth doped transparent glass ceramics for active photonics.

8.10.4 Ferroelectric transparent glass ceramics.

8.10.5 Transparent glass ceramics for X-ray storage phosphors.

8.11 Conclusions.

9 Properties and Applications of Photonic Crystals (H.E. Ruda and N. Matsuura).

9.1 Introduction.

9.2 PC Overview.

9.2.1 Introduction to PCs.

9.2.2 Nano-engineering of PC architectures.

9.2.3 Materials selection for PCs.

9.3 Tunable PCs.

9.3.1 Tuning PC response by changing the refractive index of constituent materials.

9.3.2 Tuning PC response by altering the physical structure of the PC.

9.4 Selected Applications of PC.

9.4.1 Waveguide devices.

9.4.2 Dispersive devices.

9.4.3 Add/Drop multiplexing devices.

9.4.4 Applications of PCs for LEDs and lasers.

9.5 Conclusions.

10 Nonlinear Optical Properties of Photonic Glasses (K. Tanaka).

10.1 Introduction.

10.2 Photonic Glass.

10.3 Nonlinear Absorption and Refractivity.

10.3.1 Fundamentals.

10.3.2 Two-photon absorption.

10.3.3 Nonlinear refractivity.

10.4 Nonlinear Excitation-Induced Structural Changes.

10.4.1 Fundamentals.

10.4.2 Oxides.

10.4.3 Chalcogenides.

10.5 Conclusions.

11 Optical Properties of Organic Semiconductors and Applications (T. Kobayashi and H. Naito).

11.1 Introduction.

11.2 Molecular Structure of π-Conjugated Polymers.

11.3 Theoretical Models.

11.4 Absorption Spectrum.

11.5 Photoluminescence.

11.6 Nonemissive Excited States.

11.7 Electron–Electron Interaction.

11.8 Interchain Interaction.

11.9 Conclusions.

12 Organic Semiconductors and Applications (F. Zhu).

12.1 Introduction.

12.1.1 OLED architecture and operation principle.

12.1.2 Technical challenges and process integration.

12.2 Anode Modification for Enhanced OLED Performance.

12.2.1 Low-temperature high-performance ITO.

12.2.2 Anode modification.

12.2.3 Electroluminescence performance of OLED.

12.3 Flexible OLED Displays.

12.3.1 Flexible OLEDs on ultra-thin glass substrate.

12.3.2 Flexible top-emitting OLEDs on plastic foils.

12.4 Conclusions.

13 Optical Properties of Thin Films (V.V. Truong and S. Tanemura).

13.1 Introduction.

13.2 Optics of thin films.

13.2.1 An isotropic film on a substrate.

13.2.2 Matrix methods for multi-layered structures.

13.2.3 Anisotropic films.

13.3 Reflection–Transmission Photoellipsometry for Optical-Constants Determination.

13.3.1 Photoellipsometry of a thick or a thin film.

13.3.2 Photoellipsometry for a stack of thick and thin films.

13.3.3 Remarks on the reflection–transmission photoellipsometry method.

13.4 Applications of Thin Films to Energy Management and Renewable Energy Technologies.

13.4.1 Electrochromic thin films.

13.4.2 Pure and metal-doped VO2 thermochromic thin films.

13.4.3 Temperature-stabilized V1−xWxO2 sky radiator films.

13.4.4 Optical functional TiO2 thin film for environmentally friendly technologies.

13.5 Conclusions.

14 Negative Index of Refraction: Optics and Metamaterials (J.E. Kielbasa, D.L. Carroll, and R.T. Williams).

14.1 Introduction.

14.1.1 Electric and magnetic response.

14.1.2 Veselago’s slab lens and Pendry’s perfect lens.

14.2 Optics of Propagating Waves with Negative Index.

14.2.1 Foundation in Fourier optics.

14.2.2 Fermat’s principle in a slab lens.

14.2.3 Ray tracing with negative index and aberrations.

14.3 Super-resolution with the Slab Lens.

14.3.1 Amplification of the evanescent waves.

14.3.2 Aberrations in the evanescent image.

14.3.3 Experimental results with evanescent waves.

14.4 Negative Refraction with Metamaterials.

14.5 Conclusions.

15 Excitonic Processes in Quantum Wells (J. Singh and I.-K. Oh).

15.1 Introduction.

15.2 Exciton–Phonon Interaction.

15.3 Exciton Formation in Quantum Wells Assisted by Phonons.

15.4 Nonradiative Relaxation of Free Excitons.

15.4.1 Intraband processes.

15.4.2 Interband processes.

15.5 Quasi-2D Free-Exciton Linewidth.

15.6 Localization of Free Excitons.

15.7 Conclusions.

16 Optical Properties and Spin Dynamics of Diluted Magnetic Semiconductor Nanostructures (A. Murayama and Y. Oka).

16.1 Introduction.

16.2 Coupled Quantum Wells.

16.2.1 Spin injection.

16.2.2 Spin separation and switching.

16.2.3 Spin dynamics studied by pump-probe spectroscopy.

16.3 Nanostructures Fabricated by Electron-Beam Lithography.

16.4 Self-assembled Quantum Dots.

16.5 Hybrid Nanostructures with Ferromagnetic Materials.

16.6 Conclusions.

Index.

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Optical Properties of Condensed Matter And Applications

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