- ISBN: 9780470181768 | 0470181761
- Cover: Hardcover
- Copyright: 11/2/2009
The field of optics of liquid crystal displays has evolved vigorously during the last decade. Updated to reflect the recent advances in the field, the second edition of this highly practical guide to analyzing liquid crystal displays now offers a broader and more comprehensive discussion on the fundamentals of the field. Introducing the basic principles in a systematic, self-contained treatment with minimal reliance on outside sources, Optics of Liquid Crystal Displays, Second Edition is a valuable resource for students, engineers, and scientists.
Pochi Yeh, PhD, is Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at University of California, Santa Barbara. He is known for several important contributions in optics, including the development of a matrix method for optics of layered media, the theory of photorefractive phase conjugators, and the theory of wave mixing in nonlinear media.
Claire Gu, PhD, is Professor of Electrical Engineering at University of California, Santa Cruz. She has published more than 200 journal and conference papers and, in 2007, was elected a Fellow of SPIE (The International Society of Optical Engineering).
| Preface | p. xiii |
| Preface to the First Edition | p. xv |
| Preliminaries | p. 1 |
| Basic Components of LCDs | p. 2 |
| Polarizers | p. 2 |
| Transparent Electrodes | p. 4 |
| Liquid Crystal Cell | p. 6 |
| Birefringent Thin Film Compensators | p. 7 |
| Color Filters | p. 8 |
| Brightness Enhancement Films (BEFs) | p. 9 |
| AM and TFTs (Active Matrix and Thin Film Transistors) | p. 11 |
| Diffusers | p. 12 |
| Backlights | p. 14 |
| Properties of Liquid Crystals | p. 15 |
| Orientational Order Parameter | p. 20 |
| Dielectric Constants | p. 21 |
| Refractive Index | p. 24 |
| Elastic Constants | p. 26 |
| Viscosity-Rotational Viscosity | p. 27 |
| Surface Alignment and Rubbing | p. 27 |
| Field-Induced Distortion-Electro-Optical Effect | p. 30 |
| Dynamics of Molecular Rotation-Rise Time and Decay Time | p. 39 |
| References | p. 47 |
| Suggested Readings | p. 48 |
| Problems | p. 48 |
| Polarization of Optical Waves | p. 54 |
| Monochromatic Plane Waves and Their Polarization States | p. 54 |
| Linear Polarization States | p. 56 |
| Circular Polarization States | p. 57 |
| Elliptical Polarization States | p. 57 |
| Complex Number Representation | p. 61 |
| Jones Vector Representation | p. 62 |
| Partially Polarized and Unpolarized Light | p. 64 |
| Poincaré Sphere | p. 67 |
| Phase Retarders | p. 70 |
| Polarization Transformation Using Retarders and the Graphical Representation on the Poincaré Sphere | p. 71 |
| Pancharatnam Phase | p. 77 |
| References | p. 78 |
| Problems | p. 78 |
| Electromagnetic Propagation in Anisotropic Media | p. 82 |
| Maxwell Equations and Dielectric Tensor | p. 82 |
| Lorentz Reciprocity Theorem | p. 89 |
| Plane Waves in Homogeneous Media and Normal Surface | p. 90 |
| k in the xy-Plane | p. 95 |
| k in the yz-Plane | p. 95 |
| k in the zx-Plane | p. 96 |
| Classification of Media | p. 97 |
| Power Flow in Anisotropic Media (I) | p. 100 |
| Power Flow in Anisotropic Media (II) | p. 104 |
| Light Propagation in Uniaxial Media | p. 107 |
| Propagation Perpendicular to the c-Axis | p. 109 |
| Propagation in the xz-Plane | p. 110 |
| Propagation along the c-Axis | p. 111 |
| Double Refraction at a Boundary | p. 112 |
| Anisotropic Absorption and Polarizers | p. 126 |
| Extinction Ratio and Real Sheet Polarizers | p. 127 |
| Field of View of Crossed Polarizers | p. 128 |
| Polarization States Do1 and Do2 | p. 130 |
| Reflective Polarizers | p. 133 |
| Optical Activity and Faraday Rotation | p. 139 |
| Faraday Rotation | p. 149 |
| Light Propagation in Biaxial Media | p. 151 |
| Method of Index Ellipsoid | p. 154 |
| Perturbation Approach | p. 158 |
| Classification of Biaxial Crystals | p. 160 |
| References | p. 162 |
| Problems | p. 163 |
| Jones Matrix Method | p. 173 |
| Jones Matrix Formulation | p. 173 |
| Example: A Half-Wave Retardation Plate | p. 178 |
| Example: A Quarter-Wave Plate | p. 178 |
| General Properties of the Jones Matrix | p. 179 |
| Eignvectors of Jones Matrix | p. 186 |
| inearly Polarized Inputs with Linearly Polarized Outputs | p. 188 |
| Equivalent Circuit of a General Birefringent Network | p. 190 |
| Tunable Wave Plates | p. 192 |
| Circular and Quasi-Circular Polarizers | p. 194 |
| Intensity Transmission Spectrum | p. 199 |
| Example: A Birefringent Plate Sandwiched between Parallel Polarizers (an a-Plate between Parallel Polarizers) | p. 201 |
| Example: A Birefringent Plate Sandwiched between a Pair of Crossed Polarizers (an a-Plate between Crossed Polarizers) | p. 202 |
| Example: A Birefringent Plate Sandwiched between a Pair of Polarizers (an a-Plate between Two Polarizers) | p. 203 |
| Example: A Birefringent Plate Sandwiched between a Pair of Polarizers (a c-Plate between Two Polarizers) | p. 204 |
| Example: A Birefringent Plate Sandwiched between a Pair of Crossed Polarizers (a c-Plate between Crossed Polarizers) | p. 204 |
| Example: A Birefringent Plate Sandwiched between a Pair of Parallel Polarizers (a c-Plate between Parallel Polarizers) | p. 204 |
| An Alternative Approach | p. 205 |
| Method of Projection Operators and Propagation Operators | p. 206 |
| Optical Properties of TN-LC (Adiabatic Following or Waveguiding) | p. 208 |
| Adiabatic Following (Waveguiding in TN-LC) | p. 210 |
| 90 ° TN-LC | p. 211 |
| Transmission Properties of a General TN-LCD | p. 215 |
| Normal Modes of Propagation in a General TN-LC | p. 218 |
| Phase Retardation at Oblique Incidence | p. 224 |
| a-Plates | p. 225 |
| c-Plates | p. 228 |
| Conoscopy | p. 229 |
| a-Plate of Uniaxial Samples | p. 229 |
| c-Plate of Uniaxial Crystals | p. 231 |
| c-Cut Biaxial Plate | p. 233 |
| Reflection Property of a General TN-LCD with a Back Mirror | p. 234 |
| Phase Retardation of a Biaxial Plate | p. 242 |
| Small ¿ Approximation (Assume a ¿ << 1, ß << 1) | p. 246 |
| The Polarization States of Modes of Propagation | p. 247 |
| Polarization States of Ordinary Mode in Polarizers | p. 252 |
| Achromatic Wave Plates | p. 254 |
| Broadband Quasi-Circular Polarizers | p. 264 |
| Wide Field-of-View Elements | p. 269 |
| Lyot-I Wide Field-of-View Elements | p. 271 |
| Lyot-II Wide Field-of-View Elements | p. 273 |
| Lyot-III Wide Field-of-View Elements | p. 275 |
| References | p. 276 |
| Suggested Readings | p. 276 |
| Problems | p. 277 |
| Liquid Crystal Displays | p. 290 |
| VA-LCDs | p. 291 |
| Principle of Operation | p. 291 |
| Transmission Property of Field-Off State | p. 293 |
| Transmission Property of Field-On State | p. 294 |
| Multidomain Vertically Aligned Liquid Crystal Display (MVA-LCD) | p. 312 |
| IPS-LCDs | p. 316 |
| Principles of Operation | p. 317 |
| Transmission Property of Field-Off State | p. 320 |
| Transmission Property of Field-On State | p. 324 |
| TN-LCDs | p. 331 |
| Principle of Operation | p. 332 |
| Transmission Property of Field-Off State | p. 335 |
| Transmission Property of Field-On State | p. 339 |
| STN Displays | p. 365 |
| Steepness of Electrodistortion Curves of STN Cell | p. 367 |
| Transmission Properties of STN-LCD in the Field-Off State | p. 374 |
| Transmission of STN-LCD in the Field-On State | p. 381 |
| Nematic Liquid Crystal Display (N-LCD) Modes | p. 388 |
| PA Cells | p. 389 |
| Bend-Aligned (BA) Cells | p. 394 |
| Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Displays (PD-LCDs) | p. 398 |
| Reflective LCDs | p. 404 |
| Transflective LCDs | p. 407 |
| Projection Displays | p. 410 |
| Other Display Systems | p. 412 |
| Ferroelectric LCDs | p. 412 |
| Cholesteric LCD | p. 416 |
| Liquid Crystal on Silicon (LCoS) | p. 417 |
| Summary | p. 419 |
| References | p. 419 |
| Suggested Readings | p. 421 |
| Problems | p. 422 |
| Matrix Addressing, Colors, and Properties of LCDs | p. 426 |
| Multiplexed Displays | p. 426 |
| Active Matrix (AM) Displays | p. 430 |
| Principle of Thin Film Transistor (TFT) Operation | p. 431 |
| Array Fabrication | p. 440 |
| Cell Assembly | p. 445 |
| Optical Throughput of TFT-LCDs | p. 446 |
| Polarizers | p. 446 |
| Color Filters | p. 448 |
| Colors in LCDs | p. 450 |
| Addition (or Mixing) of Colors and CIE 1976 Color Space (L*u*v*) | p. 452 |
| References | p. 457 |
| Suggested Readings | p. 458 |
| Problems | p. 458 |
| Optical Properties of Cholesteric Liquid Crystals | p. 461 |
| Optical Phenomena in CLCs | p. 461 |
| Dielectric Tensor of an Ideal CLC | p. 462 |
| Exact Solutions at Normal Incidence | p. 465 |
| Dispersion Relation | p. 466 |
| Polarization States of Normal Modes | p. 467 |
| Power Orthogonality | p. 471 |
| Bragg Regime (nop <¿< nep)-Coupled-Mode Analysis | p. 471 |
| Reflectance of CLCs | p. 475 |
| Mauguin Regime (¿ << 0.5p¿n) | p. 477 |
| Circular Regime | p. 479 |
| Short Wavelength Circular Regime (0.5 np¿n << ¿ << p) | p. 479 |
| Long Wavelength Circular Regime (nep << ¿) | p. 479 |
| References | p. 481 |
| Suggested Readings | p. 481 |
| Problems | p. 481 |
| Extended Jones Matrix Method | p. 485 |
| Mathematical Formulation and Applications | p. 486 |
| Reflection and Refraction at the Interface | p. 486 |
| Matrix Formulation | p. 493 |
| Small Birefringence Approximation | p. 495 |
| Comparison with the Conventional Jones Calculus | p. 500 |
| Crossed Polarizers | p. 502 |
| Arbitrary c-Axis Orientation | p. 505 |
| Application to LCDs | p. 509 |
| Generalized Jones Matrix Method | p. 517 |
| Another Extended Jones Matrix Method | p. 523 |
| 4x4 Matrix Method | p. 526 |
| Mathematical Formulation | p. 526 |
| Reflection and Transmission | p. 530 |
| Berreman's 4x4 Matrix Method | p. 532 |
| General Properties of A 4 x 4 Matrix | p. 533 |
| Mueller Matrix Algebra and Jones Matrix Algebra | p. 546 |
| Reciprocity Theorem in Anisotropic Layered Media | p. 562 |
| References | p. 567 |
| Problems | p. 567 |
| Optical Compensators for Liquid Crystal Displays | p. 570 |
| Viewing Angle Characteristics of LCDs | p. 571 |
| TN-LCDs | p. 572 |
| VA-LCDs | p. 579 |
| Multidomain VA-LCDs (MVA-LCDs) | p. 589 |
| IPS-LCDs | p. 589 |
| Origin of Leakage of Light in LCDs and Compensators | p. 595 |
| Leakage of Light through Crossed Polarizers | p. 598 |
| Leakage of Light due to LC Cell | p. 601 |
| Birefringent Thin Film Compensators | p. 605 |
| LCDs with Compensators | p. 614 |
| CR Improvement in LCDs with Birefringence Compensators and Polarization Compensators | p. 615 |
| Gray Level Performance of LCDs with Birefringence Compensators and Polarization Compensators | p. 631 |
| Compensation Film with Positive Birefringence (O-Plate) | p. 648 |
| Biaxial Compensation Film | p. 654 |
| Materials for Optical Phase Retardation Compensation | p. 659 |
| a-Plates | p. 659 |
| c-Plates | p. 659 |
| o-Plates | p. 659 |
| Form Birefringence | p. 660 |
| Form Birefringence in Thin-Layered Media | p. 660 |
| Form Birefringence in Composite Media | p. 662 |
| References | p. 664 |
| Problems | p. 666 |
| Elastic and Electromagnetic Energy Density | p. 674 |
| Electro-Optical Distortion-Tilt Mode | p. 680 |
| Electro-Optical Distortion-Twist Mode | p. 689 |
| Electro-Optical Distortion in a TN-LC | p. 694 |
| Electro-Optical Distortion in an STN-LC | p. 702 |
| Form Birefringence of Composite Media | p. 709 |
| Spherical Trigonometry | p. 712 |
| Mie Scattering and Diffusers | p. 721 |
| Variational Principles and Lagrange's Equations | p. 741 |
| Author Index | p. 745 |
| Subject Index | p. 749 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
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