Ornithology

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ISBN: 9780716749837 | 0716749831
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 10/6/2006

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Ornithologyis the classic text for the undergraduate ornithology course, long admired for its biological/evolutionary approach to bird science. The new editionthe first revision in 10 yearsmaintains the scope and expertise that made the book so popular while incorporating a tremendous amount of new research and updating its exquisite program of drawings and photographs.

Preface

Acknowledgments

xix

Omithology: A Short History

xxi

PART 1 Origins

The Diversity of Birds

(22)

Basic Characters of Birds

(5)

Adaptive Radiation of Form and Function

(9)

Life Histories

(1)

Natural Selection and Convergence

(1)

Biogeography

(5)

History

(26)

Birds As Reptiles

(1)

Archaeopteryx: The Original Link Between Birds and Reptiles

(4)

Birds As Dinosaurs

(6)

Early Evolution of Birds

(2)

Evolution of Feathers

(1)

Evolution of Flight

(1)

Modern Birds

Box 2--1 The Avian Genome: One Billion DNA Base Pairs Strong

(15)

Systematics

(28)

Species and Speciation

(2)

Scientific Names

(4)

Classification and Phylogeny

(1)

Taxonomic Characters

(3)

Cladistics

(2)

Biochemical Systematics

(1)

Box 3--1 DNA-DNA Hybridization Compares Total Genetic Divergence

(15)

PART 2 Form and Function

Feathers

(36)

Feather Structure

(10)

Feather Growth

(2)

Evolution of Feathers

(3)

Feather Colors

(6)

The Feather Coat

100

(2)

Feather Care

102

(3)

Plumage Color Patterns

105

(3)

Molts and Plumages

108

Box 4--1 Desert Sandgrouse Carry Water in Modified Feathers

(3)

Box 4--2 The Bird That Calls Like a Cricket

(2)

Box 4--3 The Display Plumes of Egrets Nearly Caused Their Extinction

(8)

Box 4--4 Bright Red Marks the Best Male House Finches

(2)

Box 4--5 Structural Colors of Bird Skin and Eyes

(18)

Flight

115

(26)

Elementary Aerodynamics

116

(6)

Kinds of Flight

122

(9)

Wing Sizes and Shapes

131

(2)

The Skeleton

133

(3)

Flight Muscles

136

(1)

Muscle-Fiber Metabolism

136

(1)

Flightless Birds

137

Box 5--1 Peregrine Falcons: Speed Stooping

122

(1)

Box 5--2 Flying in Formation

123

(11)

Box 5--3 The Furcula Is a Flexible, Elastic Spring

134

(7)

Physiology

141

(42)

The High Body Temperatures of Birds

142

(1)

The Respiratory System

143

(5)

The Circulatory System

148

(2)

Metabolism

150

(2)

Temperature Regulation

152

(12)

Feeding and Digestion

164

(7)

Energy Balance and Reserves

171

(2)

Water Economy

173

Box 6--1 Birds Hyperventilate Without Severe Penalty

147

(10)

Box 6--2 Global Warming

157

(4)

Box 6--3 Selection for Larger House Sparrows

161

(22)

PART 3 Behavior and Communication

Senses, Brains, and Intelligence

183

(32)

Vision

184

(6)

Detection of Magnetic Fields

190

(1)

Hearing

191

(4)

Mechanoreception

195

(2)

Chemical Senses: Taste and Smell

197

(3)

Bird Brains

200

(6)

Cognition and Intelligence

206

Box 7--1 How Robins Find Worms

184

(13)

Box 7--2 Birds Like Chili Peppers

197

(1)

Box 7--3 New Zealand Kiwis Sniff for Their Food

198

(1)

Box 7--4 Auklets Use Perfume

199

(10)

Box 7--5 Conversations with a Parrot Explore Avian Intelligence

209

(6)

Vocalizations

215

(30)

Physical Attributes

215

(6)

Vocabularies and Communication

221

(1)

Sound Production by the Syrinx

222

(5)

Roles of the Central Nervous System

227

(2)

Learning to Sing

229

(6)

Dialects

235

(2)

Vocal Mimicry

237

(1)

Songs and Mates

238

Box 8--1 A Vocabulary for Sounds and Vocalizations

216

(7)

Box 8--2 Chickadees Tell Flock Mates Which Predator Is Lurking

223

(3)

Box 8--3 Birds Have Two Independent Voices

226

(6)

Box 8--4 Birds with Fixed Repertoires Learn Songs in Four Stages

232

(6)

Box 8--5 Both Bird Vocalists and Human Fiddlers Have Technical Duels

238

(2)

Box 8--6 Bush Shrikes Duet with Precision

240

(5)

PART 4 Behavior and the Environment

The Annual Cycles of Birds

245

(28)

Basic Annual Cycles

246

(2)

Annual Cycles of the White-crowned Sparrow

248

(2)

Circadian Rhythms and the Photoperiod

250

(5)

Master Hormones

255

(3)

Breeding Seasons

258

(1)

Timing of Migration

259

(3)

Scheduling High-Cost Efforts

262

(3)

Nonannual Cycles

265

(4)

Climate Change

269

Box 9--1 Precisely When Do American Robins Nest?

260

(3)

Box 9--2 Molt by White-crowned Sparrows Requires Energy and Special Nutrition

263

(3)

Box 9--3 Late Molts in the American Redstart Incur Costs

266

(7)

Migration and Navigation

273

(34)

Migration

274

(21)

Navigation

295

Box 10--1 Radar Records Document the Decline of Migrant Birds

278

(5)

Box 10--2 A Migrating Thrush Outperforms Ornithologists

283

(9)

Box 10--3 The Black-necked Grebe Reorganizes Its Whole Body

292

(12)

Box 10--4 Baby Buntings Learn the Night Sky

304

(3)

Social Behavior

307

(28)

Individual Space

308

(1)

Territorial Behavior

309

(5)

Social Rank

314

(4)

Agonistic Behavior

318

(2)

Flocks

320

(11)

Communal Roosts

331

Box 11--1 Territory Defense by Sunbirds Depends on Economics

310

(5)

Box 11--2 Dominant Blue Tits Are More Cautious Than Their Subordinates

315

(6)

Box 11--3 Harris's Hawks Hunt in Teams

321

(3)

Box 11--4 Optimal Size of a Quail Covey

324

(1)

Box 11--5 Wanted: Experienced Parrot Flocks for Conservation

325

(4)

Box 11--6 Coloniality in Yellow-rumped Caciques Reduces Predation

329

(6)

PART 5 Avian Life Histories

Mates

335

(32)

Life-History Strategies

336

(2)

Mate Choice and Sexual Selection

338

(6)

Evolution of Displays

344

(15)

Monogamy

359

(2)

Cuckoldry and Promiscuity

361

Box 12--1 Blue Tits Choose Mates in the Ultraviolet

341

(26)

Breeding Systems

367

(32)

Diversity

368

(2)

Polygyny

370

(3)

Polyandry

373

(4)

Brood Parasitism

377

(8)

Cooperative Breeding

385

(7)

Bee-eaters and Families

392

Box 13--1 Coots Count

378

(11)

Box 13--2 Altruism Bypasses Infidelity in an Endangered Island Warbler

389

(6)

Box 13--3 Knowing Kin by Their Calls

395

(4)

Bird Sex

399

(32)

The Sexes

400

(5)

Ovary and Ovum

405

(4)

Testes and Sperm

409

(3)

Copulation

412

(4)

Fertilization and Sperm Competition

416

(2)

The Complete Egg

418

(5)

Egg Formation in the Oviduct

423

(2)

The Embryo

425

(2)

Clutch Size

427

Box 14--1 Manipulating Egg Quality and Brood Mates

407

(5)

Box 14--2 Prolonged Copulation

412

(6)

Box 14--3 Sperm Competition Among Smith's Longspurs

418

(9)

Box 14--4 Determinate versus Indeterminate Egg Layers

427

(4)

Nests and Incubation

431

(36)

Nests

432

(15)

Incubation

447

(13)

Hatching

460

(2)

Moundbuilders

462

Box 15--1 Fragrance Helps

436

(2)

Box 15--2 Kittiwakes Adapt to Cliff Nesting

438

(16)

Box 15--3 Bone-Making Protein Changes Finch Bills

454

(13)

Parents and Their Offspring

467

(36)

Altricial Compared with Precocial Modes of Development

468

(10)

Begging for Food

478

(1)

Sibling Rivalry

479

(3)

Parenting

482

(8)

Fledging

490

(3)

Behavioral Growth and Development

493

Box 16--1 Development Categories of Hatchlings

471

(9)

Box 16--2 Laughing Kookaburras: Last to Hatch Loses

480

(4)

Box 16--3 Feeding Nestlings

484

(11)

Box 16--4 Endangered-Species Projects Accommodate the Sexual Preferences of Hand-Reared Birds

495

(4)

Box 16--5 Password Access to Cowbird Society

499

(4)

Lifetime Reproductive Success

503

(30)

Life-History Patterns

504

(2)

Life Tables

506

(4)

Longevity and Life Span

510

(4)

Fecundity

514

(6)

Annual Reproductive Effort

520

(4)

Evolution of Clutch Size

524

Box 17--1 Physiological Constraints Shape Avian Life-History Traits

507

(4)

Box 17--2 Anti-aging Mechanisms in Birds?

511

(8)

Box 17--3 Young Female Tree Swallows Delay Breeding

519

(14)

PART 6 Population Dynamics and Conservation

Populations

533

(38)

Growth

533

(5)

Control

538

(2)

Limitation

540

(10)

Regulation

550

(8)

Long-Term Population Trends

558

Box 18--1 Rebound of the Short-tailed Albatross

534

(14)

Box 18--2 Avian Flu

548

(14)

Box 18--3 The Breeding Bird Survey

562

(2)

Box 18--4 Global Warming and Seabirds

564

(7)

Species

571

(32)

What Is a Species?

571

(4)

Allopatric Speciation

575

(8)

The Phylogenetic Species Concept

583

(2)

Population Size and Structure

585

(5)

Hybrids

590

(2)

Hybrid Zones

592

(5)

Behavior and Speciation

597

Box 19--1 Population Cohesion of Cuckoos

573

(4)

Box 19--2 Character Heritability

577

(1)

Box 19--3 Seven Rules of Speciation in Birds

578

(6)

Box 19--4 A Ring Species in Siberia

584

(19)

Communities

603

(32)

The Dynamics of Communities

603

(14)

Species Diversity

617

(9)

Competition

626

Box 20--1 Stable Isotopes Clarify Seabird Food Webs

605

(2)

Box 20--2 Character Displacement Evolved Rapidly in Supertramps

607

(14)

Box 20--3 Distance to Cover Defines the Niches of Sparrows

621

(11)

Box 20--4 Competition Affects the Use of Foraging Sites by Tits

632

(3)

Conservation

635

(50)

The State of Birds

636

(3)

Threats

639

(6)

Past Excesses

645

(5)

Hope

650

(10)

Conservation by Design

660

(15)

Site-Based Conservation

675

(3)

The Conservation Movement

678

Box 21--1 Symbol of Extinction: The Dodo

646

(5)

Box 21--2 Saving the Whooping Crane

651

(7)

Box 21--3 Loons and Lead

658

(16)

Box 21--4 A Seabird of the Old-Growth Forest

674

(9)

Box 21--5 Birding Ethics: American Birding Association

683

(2)

Bibliography

685

(40)

Index

725

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Ornithology

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials