Oxidants, Antioxidants And Free Radicals

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ISBN: 9781560326441 | 1560326441
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 11/12/1997

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U.S. Army Medical Research Inst. of Chemical Defense, Edgewood Area, MD. Proceedings of a symposium covering the current state of the art in the area of oxidative stress and antioxidant defense systems. For researchers and educators. 33 contributors, 32 U.S. DNLM: Antioxidants--metabolism--congresses.

Foreword

(2)

Preface

xvii

(2)

Contributors

xix

(4)

About the Editors

xxiii

CHAPTER 1 Redox, Radicals, and Antioxidants

(22)

Andrew L. Ternay Jr.

Viktor Sorokin

The Language of Redox

(2)

Radicals

(2)

Oxygen and Its Derivatives

(1)

Antioxidants

(5)

L-Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)

(1)

B-Carotene and Carotenoids

(3)

Ubiquinone-Ubiquinol

(1)

Chain Reactions and the Role of Antioxidants

(5)

B-Carotene

(1)

L-Ascorbic Acid

(1)

Vitamin E

(1)

Ubiquinone

(1)

Summary

(1)

References

(7)

CHAPTER 2 The Analysis of Free Radicals, Their Reaction Products, and Antioxidants

(56)

Ian N. Acworth

Douglas R. McCabe

Timothy J. Maher

Review of Chemistry and Measurement of Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species

(14)

Reactive Oxygen Species

(9)

Reactive Nitrogen Species

(5)

ROS and RNS Reaction Products: Introduction and Measurement

(9)

DNA Damage

(4)

Protein and Amino Acid Damage

(2)

Lipid Damage

(3)

The Antioxidants: Introduction and Measurement

(11)

Ascorbic Acid

(1)

Uric Acid

(1)

Vitamin E

(1)

Ubiquinone

(1)

Thiols, Disulfides, and Related Compounds

(3)

Carotenoids, Retinoids, and Related Compounds

(1)

Other Phytochemicals as Antioxidants

(1)

XXX-Ketoacids

(2)

Melatonin

(1)

Conclusions

(1)

References

(18)

CHAPTER 3 Vitamin E

(16)

Sharon Landvik

Absorption and Transport

(1)

Clinical Deficiency

(1)

Functions

(1)

Sources

(1)

Requirements

(1)

Cardiovascular Disease

(2)

Cancer

(3)

Cataract

(1)

Air Pollution

(1)

Safety

(1)

Summary

(1)

References

(7)

CHAPTER 4 Vitamin E and Polyunsaturated Fats: Antioxidant and Pro-oxidant Relationship

(18)

Melanie A. Banks

Introduction

(1)

Vitamin E

(4)

Polyunsaturated Fats and Lipid Peroxidation

(3)

Role of Dietary Fat and Vitamin E in Chronic Diseases

102

(5)

Coronary Heart Disease

102

(2)

Cancer

104

(1)

Respiratory Disease

105

(1)

Diabetes

106

(1)

Other Chronic Diseases

106

(1)

Absorption, Transport, and Distribution of Vitamin E

107

(1)

Suggested Areas for Further Research

107

(1)

References

108

(5)

CHAPTER 5 ALPHA-Tocopherol, BETA-Carotene, and Oxidative Modification of Human Low-Density Lipoprotein

113

(12)

Hazel T. Bowen

Stanley T. Omaye

Clinical Data

113

(2)

Oxidized LDL and Atherosclerosis

115

(1)

Effect of Antioxidant Vitamins on Oxidative Modification of LDL

116

(4)

Conclusions

120

(1)

References

120

(5)

CHAPTER 6 Response of Antioxidant System to Physical and Chemical Stress

125

(18)

Satu M. Somani

Kazim Husain

Eric C. Schlorff

Pathways and Components of the Antioxidant System

125

(4)

Endogenous Nonezymatic Antioxidants

126

(1)

Endogenous Enzymatic Antioxidants

127

(2)

Antioxidants' Response to Exercise

129

(3)

Endogenous Antioxidant Compounds

129

(1)

Antioxidant Enzymes

130

(2)

Adenosine Generation During Exercise

132

(3)

Endogenous Activation of Antioxidant Enzymes by Adenosine

132

(2)

Adenosine and Antioxidant Enzyme in Exercise

134

(1)

Interaction of Exercise and Chemicals on Antioxidant System

135

(1)

Future Perspectives

135

(2)

Summary

137

(1)

References

137

(1)

CHAPTER 7 Zinc as a Cardioprotective Antioxidant

143

(24)

Saul R. Powell

A Role for the Redox-Active Metals in Post-Ischemic Oxidative Cardiac Injury

143

(4)

Redox-Active Transition Metals as Catalysts

143

(1)

Redox-Active Metals and Oxidative Tissue Injury

144

(1)

Redox-Active Metals and Post-Ischemic Cardiac Oxidative Injury

145

(2)

Zinc and Site-Specific Formation of Reactive Oxygen Intermediates ("Push vs. Pull")

147

(3)

Site-Specific Formation of Radicals

147

(1)

"Push vs. Pull"

147

(3)

Zinc as a Cardioprotective Antioxidant

150

(7)

The Anti-Arrhythmic Effect of Zinc

150

(1)

Effect on Post-Ischemic or Post-Arrest Cardiac Function

150

(6)

Evidence of Inhibition of Transition Metal-Mediated Oxidative Stress

156

(1)

Summary and Conclusions

157

(4)

References

161

(6)

CHAPTER 8 Ascorbic Acid, Melatonin, and the Adrenal Gland: A Commentary

167

(4)

Madeline M. Hall

Harry Van Keulen

James M. Willard

References

169

(2)

CHAPTER 9 Antioxidant Properties of Glutathione and its Role in Tissue Protection

171

(22)

Alfred M. Sciuto

Historical Background

171

(1)

Biosynthesis of GSH

171

(4)

Antioxidant Properties

175

(2)

Tissue Protection and Response to Stress

177

(7)

Environmental Stress

177

(1)

Physiological Effects

177

(7)

Prophylactic and Therapeutic Up-Regulation of GSH

184

(1)

The Toxicity of GSH Metabolism

185

(1)

Conclusion

186

(1)

References

186

(7)

CHAPTER 10 Antioxidant Effects of Hypotaurine and Taurine

193

(10)

Steven I. Baskin

Kokiku Wakayama

Melanie A. Banks

Dale W. Porter

Harry Salem

References

200

(3)

CHAPTER 11 Antoxidative Activity of Ergothioneine and Ovothiol

203

(4)

Robert D. Short Jr.

Steven I. Baskin

Ergothionine

203

(2)

Background

203

(1)

Occurrence

203

(1)

Biological Activity in Whole Animals

204

(1)

Biological Activity in Organ, Tissue, or Culture Systems

204

(1)

What are the Roles of ET in Biological Systems?

205

(1)

Potential Clinical Applications

205

(1)

Ovothiols

205

(1)

Background

205

(1)

Occurrence

205

(1)

Biological Activity

205

(1)

References

206

(1)

CHAPTER 12 The Toxicology of Antioxidants

207

(20)

Harry Salem

Steven I. Baskin

Toxicology

207

(2)

Vitamin A

209

(5)

Acute Human Toxicity

209

(1)

Chronic Human Toxicity

210

(2)

Animal Toxicology: Acute Toxicity

212

(1)

Animal Toxicity: Repeat Dose

212

(1)

Animal Reproductive Studies

213

(1)

Mutagenicity

214

(1)

Vitamin C

214

(2)

Human Toxicity

215

(1)

Toxicology--Animals

215

(1)

Vitamin E

216

(2)

Human Toxicity

217

(1)

Copper

218

(1)

Manganese

218

(1)

Selenium

219

(1)

Animal Toxicology

220

(1)

Zinc

220

(2)

References

222

(5)

CHAPTER 13 Toxicity of Oxygen and Ozone

227

(10)

Harry Salem

Steven I. Baskin

Oxygen

227

(1)

Oxidative Stress

228

(1)

Oxygen Injury

229

(1)

Ozone Injury

229

(4)

Comparison of Models

233

(1)

References

233

(4)

CHAPTER 14 Peroxidation of Lipids and Liver Damage

237

(22)

Pablo Muriel

From Free Radicals to Lipid Peroxidation

237

(2)

Oxygen Toxicity

237

(1)

Properties of Free Radicals

237

(1)

Peroxidation of Lipids

237

(2)

Peroxidation of Lipids and Alcohol-Induced Liver Damage

239

(2)

Alcohol and Liver Diseases

239

(1)

Role of Peroxidation of Lipids

239

(1)

Promotion of Lipid Peroxidation through Interactions with Cysteine, Glutathione, Vitamin E, and Iron

240

(1)

Lipid Peroxidation in Other Types of Liver Injury

241

(10)

Paracetamol-Induced Liver Necrosis and Lipid Peroxidation

241

(3)

Liver Damage Induced by Carbon Tetrachloride

244

(3)

Biliary Obstruction-Induced Liver Damage

247

(1)

Naproxen-Induced Lipid Peroxidation

247

(3)

Halothane and Sevoflurane

250

(1)

Conclusions

251

(1)

References

252

(7)

CHAPTER 15 Role of Free Radicals in Alcohol-Induced Tissue Injury

259

(14)

Carol A. Colton

Samir Zakhari

ROI and RNI

259

(3)

Cellular Sources of ROI and RNI

259

(1)

Reactions Involving ROI and RNI

260

(2)

Protective Mechanisms

262

(1)

Ethanol-Induced ROI

262

(2)

Increased Production of ROI

262

(1)

Possible Sources of Alcohol-Induced ROI

263

(1)

Role of ROI in Alcohol-Induced Tissue Injury

264

(2)

Liver Damage

264

(1)

Macrophages

265

(1)

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

265

(1)

Brain Damage

266

(1)

Mechanisms of ROI-Induced Tissue Injury

266

(1)

Increased Extracellular LPS

266

(1)

Altered Intracellular Signal Transduction

266

(1)

Fatty Acid Oxygenases and Eicosanoids

266

(1)

Altered Nuclear Transcription and Gene Expression

267

(1)

Loss of Antioxidant Protection

267

(1)

References

267

(6)

CHAPTER 16 Oxidant Injury from Inhaled Particulate Matter

273

(18)

James J. McGrath

Particles

273

(1)

Atmospheric Concentrations

273

(1)

Particle Composition

273

(1)

Indoor Concentrations

274

(1)

Epidemiologic Studies

274

(1)

Recent Studies

274

(1)

Physiological Response

275

(4)

Particle Deposition

276

(1)

Particle Clearance

276

(3)

Classes of Particles

279

(5)

Metals

279

(2)

Ultrafines

281

(1)

Lung Overload

282

(2)

Oxidative Lung Injury Caused by Reactive Oxygen Species

284

(2)

Reactive Oxygen Species Generation and Secretion

284

(2)

Summary and Conclusions

286

(1)

References

287

(4)

CHAPTER 17 Edemagenic Gases Cause Lung Toxicity by Generating Reactive Intermediate Species

291

(24)

Carmen M. Arroyo

Jill R. Keeler

Phosgene (OCCI(2))

291

(4)

Materials and Methods

291

(1)

Results and Discussion

292

(3)

Bis(Trifluoromethyl) Disulfide (TFD)

295

(11)

Materials and Methods

296

(1)

Results

296

(7)

Discussion

303

(3)

Perfluoroisobutylene (PFIB)

306

(6)

Experimental Procedures

307

(1)

Results

307

(5)

Discussion

312

(1)

References

312

(3)

CHAPTER 18 Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidant Depletion Induced by Blast Overpressure

315

(12)

Nabil M. Elsayed

Introduction

315

(3)

Experimental

318

(1)

Results and Discussion

319

(5)

Summary

324

(1)

Acknowledgments

325

(1)

Disclaimer

325

(1)

References

325

(2)

CHAPTER 19 Food Antioxidants: Their Dual Role in Carcinogenesis

327

(14)

Saura C. Sahu

Sidney Green

Introduction

327

(1)

Diet, Oxygen, and Cancer

327

(2)

Antioxidants as Anticarcinogens

329

(1)

Antioxidants as Carcinogens

330

(2)

Interactions of Antioxidants

332

(1)

Antioxidants as Pro-Oxidants

332

(1)

Free Radical Mechanisms of Antioxidant Carcinogenicity

333

(1)

Antioxidants as Double-Edged Biological Swords

333

(1)

Summary

334

(1)

References

334

(7)

CHAPTER 20 Anticarcinogenic Effects of Synthetic Phenolic Antioxidants

341

(10)

Gary M. Williams

Michael Iatropoulos

Introduction

341

(1)

Materials and Methods

342

(1)

Experiment I

342

(1)

Experiment II

342

(1)

Experiment III

342

(1)

Experiment IV

342

(1)

Morphology

342

(1)

Statistical Analysis

343

(1)

Results and Discussion

343

(5)

Experiment I

343

(1)

Experiment II

344

(1)

Experiment III

345

(1)

Experiment IV

345

(3)

Conclusions

348

(1)

References

348

(3)

Index

351

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Oxidants, Antioxidants And Free Radicals

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