Pediatric Bone

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ISBN: 9780122865510 | 0122865510
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 9/23/2003

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Pediatric Bone is the first book to be published to deal exclusively with the biology and diseases of bone as they affect children. Rapid advances have been made in our understanding of the mechanisms and factors controlling the growth and development of bone, and these are discussed in detail in this book. Further, the various diseases of bone which are peculiar to children are highlighted and discussed in the light of our current knowledge with regard to the causation, clinical signs and treatment. The book is aimed to provide those clinicians interested in children's diseases and basic scientists with a comprehensive resource covering the various aspects of bone health and disease in children Key Features * Deals exclusively with bone development and diseases of children and each chapter written by an * Fully referenced providing an appendix of usually difficult to find information on the investigation of pediatric bone disease and reference values * Covers both the physiology of bone and mineral homeostasis in children and diseases in one book * Includes a CD-ROM of images

Contributors

Foreword

Preface

xvii

1. Structure of Growth Plate and Bone Matrix

WILLIAM G. COLE

Introduction

(1)

Type I Collagen

(5)

Type V Collagen

(2)

Type II Collagen

(2)

Type IX Collagen

(1)

Type XI Collagen

(3)

Type X Collagen

(2)

Aggrecan

(1)

Cartilage Link Protein 1

(1)

Small, Leucine-Rich, Interstitial Proteoglycans

(3)

Perlecan

(1)

Matrilins

(1)

Thrombospondins

(1)

Osteonectin

(1)

Osteocalcin

(1)

Matrix Gla Protein

(1)

Bone Sialoprotein

(1)

Bone Acidic Glycoprotein-75

(1)

Dentin Matrix Acidic Phosphoprotein-1

(1)

Osteopontin

(1)

References

(16)

2. Bone Cell Biology: Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, and Osteoclasts

JANE E. AUBIN AND JOHAN N.M. HEERSCHE

Introduction

(1)

Ontogeny of Osteoblasts and Control of Osteoblast Development

(6)

Osteoprogenitor Cells and Regulation of Osteoblast Differentiation and Activity

(4)

Regulation of Osteoblast Differentiation and Activity

(4)

Osteocytes

(1)

Morphological Features of Osteoclasts

(1)

Mechanisms of Osteoclastic Bone Resorption

(1)

Origin of Osteoclasts

(1)

Regulation of Ostoclast Activity and Differentiation

(2)

Osteoclast Size: Multinucleation and Function

(1)

Stem Cell, Osteoblast, and Osteoclast Changes in Disease

(1)

Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Therapy for Skeletal Diseases

(1)

References

(12)

3. Prenatal Bone Development: Ontogeny and Regulation

BENOIT ST-JACQUES AND JILL A. HELMS

Introduction

(1)

Skeletogenesis

(4)

Skeletal Organization and Embryonic Origin of Bones

(14)

Molecular Regulation of Bone Formation

(8)

References

104

(15)

4. Postnatal Bone Growth: Growth Plate Biology, Modeling, and Remodeling

GERARD KARSENTYAND HENRY M. KRONENBERG

Endochondral and Intramembranous Bone Formation

119

(2)

Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1

121

(1)

Fibroblast Growth Factors

122

(2)

Thyroid Hormone

124

(1)

Estrogen and Androgen

124

(1)

Osteoblasts and Bone Growth

124

(2)

Endocrine Regulation of Bone Formation

126

(4)

References

130

(5)

5. Parathyroid Hormone and Calcium Homeostasis

GORDON J. STEWLER

Cellular and Extracellular Calcium Homeostasis

135

(4)

Parathyroids and Secretion and Metabolism of Parathyroid Hormone

139

(8)

Assay of PTH

147

(1)

Parathyroid Hormone Action

148

(12)

References

160

(13)

6. Phosphate Homeostasis Regulatory Mechanisms

JOSEPH CAVERZASIO, HEINI MURER, AND HARRIET S. TENENHOUSE

Introduction

173

(1)

Physiological Aspects

173

(5)

Cellular and Molecular Aspects

178

(3)

Pathophysiological Aspects

181

(6)

References

187

(6)

7. Vitamin D Biology

RENE ST-ARNAUD AND MARIE B. DEMAY

Metabolic Activation of Vitamin D

193

(5)

Mechanism of Action

198

(3)

Role of Vitamin D in Calcium Homeostasis

201

(7)

Summary and Perspectives

208

(1)

References

209

(8)

8. Other Factors Controlling Bone Growth and Development: Calcitonin, CGRP, Osteostatin, Amylin, and Adrenomedullin

JILLIAN CORNISH AND THOMAS JOHN MARTIN

Introduction

217

(1)

Calcitonin

217

(3)

Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide

220

(3)

Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein

223

(2)

Amylin

225

(3)

Adrenomedullin

228

(1)

References

229

(6)

9. Peak Bone Mass and Its Regulation

JEAN-PHILIPPE BONJOUR, THIERRY CHEVALLEY, SERGE FERRARI, AND RENE RIZZOLI

Definition and Importance of Peak Bone Mass

235

(1)

Characteristics of Peak Bone Mass Acquisition

235

(1)

Calcium-Phosphate Metabolism During Growth

236

(2)

Determinants of Bone Mass Gain

238

(4)

Conclusions

242

(1)

References

243

(6)

10. Pregnancy and Lactation

ANN PRENTICE

Introduction

249

(1)

Mineral Fluxes from Mother to Offspring

249

(1)

Pregnancy

250

(5)

Lactation

255

(9)

Summary

264

(1)

References

264

(7)

11. Fetal Mineral Homeostasis

CHRISTOPHER S. KOVACS

Fetal Adaptive Goals

271

(9)

Placental Calcium Transport

280

(8)

Placental Transport of Magnesium and Phosphate

288

(1)

Fetal Parathyroids

288

(1)

Calcium-Sensing Receptor

289

(1)

Thymus

290

(1)

Fetal Kidneys and Amniotic Fluid

290

(1)

Fetal Skeleton

291

(1)

Maternal Skeleton

292

(1)

Fetal Response to Maternal Hyperparathyroidism

293

(1)

Fetal Response to Maternal Hypoparathyroidism

293

(1)

Integrated Fetal Calcium Homeostasis

293

(3)

References

296

(7)

12. Noninvasive Techniques for Bone Mass Measurement

STEFANO MORA, LAURA BACHRACH, AND VINCENTE GILSANZ

Indications for Bone Mass Measurements

303

(1)

Challenges to Interpreting Bone Mass Measurements in Childhood and Adolescence

303

(1)

Noninvasive Measurement Techniques

304

(12)

Data Interpretation

316

(3)

References

319

(6)

13. Assessment of Maturation: Bone Age and Pubertal Assessment

NOËL CAMERON

Background

325

(4)

Initial Considerations 325 Methods of Assessment

329

(4)

Reliability

333

(1)

Comparability of the Atlas and Bone-Specific Methods

333

(1)

Secondary Sexual Development

334

(3)

References

337

(2)

14. Biochemical Markers of Bone Metabolism

ECKHARD SCHÖNAU AND FRANK RAUCH

Introduction

339

(2)

Markers of Bone Formation

341

(1)

Markers of Bone Resorption

342

(2)

Bone Markers During Normal Development

344

(2)

Puberty

346

(1)

Bone and Collagen Markers in Metabolic Bone Diseases

346

(6)

Clinical and Research Value of Biochemical Markers of Bone Metabolism

352

(1)

References

353

(6)

15. Bone Histomorphometry

FRANK RAUCH

Introduction

359

(1)

Methodology

359

(7)

Pediatric Bone Histomorphometry in Health and Disease

366

(6)

Indications for Bone Biopsy and Histomorphometry in Pediatric Bone Diseases

372

(1)

References

373

(2)

16. A Diagnostic Approach to Skeletal Dysplasias

SHEILA UNGER, ANDREA SUPERTI-FURCA, AND DAVID L. RIMOIN

Introduction

375

(1)

Background

375

(1)

History and Physical Examination

376

(13)

Diagnostic Imaging

389

(4)

Biochemical Investigations

393

(2)

Cartilage Histology

395

(1)

Molecular Basis

396

(1)

Prenatal Detection of Suspected Skeletal Dysplasia

397

(1)

Conclusion

398

(1)

References

398

(3)

17. The Spectrum of Pediatric Osteoporosis

LEANNE M. WARD AND FRANCIS H. GLORIEUX

Abstract

401

(1)

Introduction

401

(1)

Definition and Diagnosis of Osteopenia/Osteoporosis in Pediatric Patients

401

(2)

The Role of the Mechanostat in the Pathogenesis of Pediatric Osteoporosis

403

(2)

The Scope of the Problem

405

(21)

Approach to Prevention and Intervention

426

(2)

Differentiating Child Abuse from Bone Fragility Conditions

428

(2)

Summary and Future Directions

430

(1)

References

431

(12)

18.Osteogenesis Imperfecta

HORACIAO PLOTKIN, DRAGAN PRIMORAL, AND DAVID ROWE

Introduction

443

(1)

Classification

444

(1)

Types of OI

445

(4)

Differential Diagnosis

449

(1)

General Clinical Findings

450

(3)

Pathophysiology

453

(4)

Therapy

457

(6)

References

463

(10)

19. Sclerosing Bony Dysplasia

L. LYNDON KEY, JR., AND WILLIAM L. RIES

Introduction

473

(1)

Defects in Osteoclastic Bone Resorption

473

(5)

Skeletal Abnormalities Related to Overproduction of Bone: Involvement of Transforming Growth Factors

478

(2)

Summary

480

(1)

References

481

(4)

20. Parathyroid Disorders

MURAT BASTEPE, HARALD JÜPPNER, AND RAJESH V THAKKER

Introduction

485

(1)

PTH Gene Structure and Function

485

(3)

Hypocalcemic Disorders

488

(8)

Hypercalcemic Diseases

496

(5)

Conclusion

501

(1)

References

502

(7)

21. Fibrous Dysplasia

PAOLO BIANCO, PAMELA GEHRON ROBEY, AND SHLOMO WIENTROUB

Introduction

509

(1)

Clinical Features

510

(6)

Molecular Genetics

516

(2)

Determinants of Phenotypic Variability

518

(2)

Pathology

520

(6)

Pathogenesis

526

(4)

Management and Treatment

530

(3)

References

533

(8)

22. Nutritional Rickets

JOHN M. PETTIFOR

Introduction

541

(1)

Definition of Rickets

541

(1)

Classification of Rickets

542

(1)

Nutritional Rickets

542

(18)

References

560

(7)

23. Metabolic Bone Disease of Prematurity

NICK BISHOP AND MARY FEWTRELL

Introduction

567

(1)

In Utero Mineral Accretion and Bone Growth

567

(1)

Physiological Changes in Mineral Homeostasis at Birth

568

(1)

Metabolic Bone Disease

569

(3)

Skeletal Health in Preterm Infants

572

(6)

Suggested Guidelines for the Prevention of Metabolic Bone Disease in Preterm Infants

578

(1)

Conclusions

579

(1)

References

579

(4)

24. Rickets Due to Hereditary Abnormalities of Vitamin D Synthesis or Action

ANTHONY A. PORTALE AND WALTER L. MILLER

Introduction

583

(1)

Biosynthesis of Vitamin D

583

(1)

Vitamin D Biosynthetic Enzymes

584

(1)

Vitamin D 25-Hydroxylase and 24-Hydroxylase

584

(1)

Vitamin D la-Hydroxylase

584

(1)

Rickets Due to Abnormalities of Vitamin D Metabolism

585

(7)

Rickets Due to Abnormalities of Vitamin D Action

592

(6)

References

598

(5)

25. Familial Hypophosphatemia and Related Disorders

INGRID A. HOLM, MICHAEL J. ECONS, AND THOMAS O. CARPENTER

Introduction

603

(1)

Clinical Description of Disease Entities

603

(10)

Treatment

613

(3)

Family/Genetic Studies

616

(1)

Molecules, Pathophysiology, and Lessons from Animal Models

617

(6)

Current Problems and Unresolved Questions

623

(1)

References

624

(9)

26. Rickets Due to Renal Tubular Abnormalities

RUSSELL W. CHESNEY AND DEBORAH P JONES

Introduction

633

(1)

Fanconi Syndrome

633

(7)

Renal Magnesium Wasting

640

(2)

Hypercalciuria

642

(2)

Renal Tubular Acidosis

644

(3)

Conclusion

647

(1)

References

647

(4)

27. Hypophosphatasia

DAVID E.C. COLE

Biology of Alkaline Phosphatase

651

(10)

Clinical Hypophosphatasia

661

(11)

References

672

(7)

28. Renal Osteodystrophy: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment

BEATRIZ D. KUIZON AND ISIDRO B. SALUSKY

Introduction

679

(1)

The Spectrum of Renal Osteodystrophy

679

(3)

Pathogenesis of Renal Osteodystrophy

682

(3)

Clinical Manifestations

685

(1)

Biochemical Determinations

686

(1)

Histologic Manifestations

687

(2)

Radiographic Features of Renal Osteodystrophy

689

(1)

Long-Term Consequences

690

(1)

Treatment

691

(4)

References

695

(8)

29. Bone Tumors in Children

MARC H. ISLER AND ROBERT E. TURLOTTE

Introduction

703

(1)

General Principles of Treatement

703

(1)

Diagnosis

704

(2)

Classification and Nomenclature

706

(1)

Back Pain and Spinal Neoplasms in Children

707

(2)

Fibrous Tumors of Bone

709

(4)

Cartilage-Forming Tumors

713

(9)

Bone-Forming Tumors

722

(8)

Hematopoietic

730

(1)

Vascular

731

(2)

Neurogenic

733

(1)

Adipose

734

(1)

Mixed

734

(1)

Notochord

735

(1)

Tumor-Like

735

(5)

Conclusion

740

(1)

References

740

(5)

Index

745

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Pediatric Bone

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials