Perovskite Materials for Energy and Environmental Applications

PEROVSKITE MATERIALS FOR ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS

The book provides a state-of-the-art summary and discussion about the recent progress in the development and engineering of perovskite solar cells materials along with the future directions it might take.

Among all 3rd generation solar cells, perovskite solar cells have recently been attracting much attention and have also emerged as a hot research area of competing materials for silicon PV due to their easy fabrication, long charge-carrier lifetime, low binding energy, low defect density, and low cost.

This book focuses primarily on the perovskite structures and utilizes them in modern technologies of photovoltaics and environmental applications. It will be unique in terms of the use of perovskite structures in solar cell applications. This book also discusses the type of perovskites, their synthetic approach, and environmental and solar cell applications. The book also covers how perovskite solar cells originated and the recent advances in perovskite solar cells.

The reader will find in this book a lucid account that:

• Introduces the history of perovskite materials.
• Explores perovskite materials for energy conversion and environmental-related applications.
• Covers perovskite light absorber materials for the fabrication of high-performance perovskite solar cells.
• Describes the device architectures and physics of perovskite solar cells.
• Discusses the role of perovskite absorber, electron transport, and hole transport materials layers.

Audience

The book is essential reading for all those in the photovoltaic community, including materials scientists, surface physicists, surface chemists, solid-state physicists, solid-state chemists, and electrical engineers.

Khursheed Ahmad, PhD,??completed his PhD from the Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, India in 2019. He is currently a Post-Doctoral Fellow at the School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yeungnam University, South Korea. He has published more than 30 research papers as well as 25 book chapters.

Waseem Raza, PhD,??completed his PhD from Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh, India in 2016. He is currently a Post-Doctoral Fellow in the Department??of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany.

Preface xi

1 Computational Approach for Synthesis of Perovskite Solar Cells 1
A.S. Mathur and B.P. Singh

1.1 Introduction 2

1.2 Preliminary Steps 2

1.3 Advanced Semiconductor Analysis (ASA) 15

1.4 Analysis of Microelectronic and Photonic Structures (AMPS) 20

1.5 Automat for Simulation of Heterostructures (AFORS-HET) 23

1.6 Solar Cell Capacitance Simulator (SCAPS) 26

1.7 Conclusion 31

References 32

2 Fundamentals of Perovskite Solar Cells 37
Neha Patni, Rokadia Zulfiqar and Krishna Patel

2.1 Introduction 37

2.2 Structure 40

2.3 Working Mechanism of PSC 42

2.4 Device Architecture 43

2.4.1 Mesoporous Structure 43

2.4.2 Planar Heterostructures 45

2.5 Properties 46

2.5.1 High Optical Absorption 46

2.5.2 High Open-Circuit Voltage 47

2.5.3 Low Recombinations 48

2.5.4 Tunable Bandgap 49

2.5.4.1 Organic Cation (A) 49

2.5.4.2 Metal Cation (M) 50

2.5.4.3 Halide Anion (X) 51

2.5.5 Rapidly Increasing Efficiency 51

2.6 Drawbacks and Ongoing Challenges of PSCs 52

2.7 Conclusion 53

Acknowledgment 54

References 54

3 Surface Morphological Effects on the Performance of Perovskite Solar Cells 59
Srinivasa Rao Pathipati

3.1 Introduction 59

3.2 Morphology Control 60

3.2.1 The Effect of Device Architecture on the Morphology and the Device Performance 60

3.2.2 Effect of Deposition Technique on the Morphology of the Perovskite Layer 62

3.2.2.1 One-Step Deposition Method 62

3.2.2.2 Two-Step Deposition Technique 64

3.2.2.3 Dual-Source Precursor Approach 69

3.2.2.4 Vacuum Deposition Technique 70

3.3 Effect of Various Parameters on Growth of Perovskite 71

3.3.1 Effect of Solvent Additive 71

3.3.2 Effect of Solid Additive 72

3.3.3 Seed-Induced Growth of Perovskites 73

3.3.4 Homogenous Cap-Induced Crystallization 75

3.3.5 Effect of Hydrophobicity 77

3.3.6 Effect of Interface Modification 81

3.3.7 Effect of Solvent Annealing 82

References 84

4 Advanced Synthesis Strategies for Single Crystal Perovskite Halides 91
Prerna and Sandeep Arya

4.1 Introduction 91

4.2 Popular Single Crystal Growth Techniques 92

4.2.1 Anti-Solvent Vapor-Assisted Crystallization (AVC) Method 99

4.2.2 Inverse Temperature Crystallization (ITC) 101

4.2.3 Modified Inverse Temperature Crystallization 104

4.2.4 Solution Temperature Lowering Method 106

4.2.4.1 Top-Seeded Solution Growth Method 107

4.2.4.2 Bottom-Seeded Solution Growth Method 108

4.2.5 Bridgman (BG) Method 110

4.3 Other Techniques 113

Conclusions 117

References 118

5 Synchrotron-Based Techniques for Analysis of Perovskite Solar Cells 123
Umar Farooq, Ruby Phul, Mohd Shabbir, Rizwan Arif and Akrema

5.1 Introduction 124

5.2 Synchrotron Techniques, Their Limitations and Advantages 128

5.3 Synchrotron Radiation X-Ray Diffraction/Scattering (SR-XRD) 128

5.4 In Situ XRD 131

5.5 Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering 133

5.6 Wide-Angle X-Ray Scattering 135

5.7 Synchrotron Radiation-Based X-Ray Absorption Techniques 135

5.8 X-Ray Absorption Near Edge Structure 137

5.9 Extended X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure 139

5.10 Conclusions 140

References 142

6 Recent Progress on Perovskite-Based Solar Cells 147
Waseem Raza and Khursheed Ahmad

6.1 Introduction 148

6.2 Device Structure and Working Principle of PSCs 152

6.3 Perovskite-Based Solar Cells 153

6.4 Conclusion 161

References 161

7 BiFeO3-Based Materials For Augmented Photoactivity 167
Rashmi Acharya, Lopamudra Acharya and Kulamani Parida

7.1 Introduction 168

7.1.1 Photocatalytic Water Splitting 171

7.1.2 Photocatalytic Conversion of CO2 171

7.1.3 Photocatalytic Fixation of Nitrogen 172

7.1.4 Selective Organic Transformation for the Synthesis of Fine Chemicals 172

7.1.5 Photodegradation of Pollutants 173

7.2 Structure, Physicochemical, and Photocatalytic Activity of BiFeO3 175

7.3 Elemental Doping in BFO 177

7.3.1 PXRD Studies 177

7.3.2 Morphological Studies 178

7.3.3 XPS Studies 179

7.3.4 Optical Property Studies 180

7.3.5 Effect of Doping on Photocatalytic Activity of BFO 182

7.4 BFO Semiconductor Heterojunction Construction 183

7.4.1 Heterojunction Construction With Wide Band Gap Semiconductors 184

7.4.2 Heterojunction Construction With Narrow Band Gap Semiconductors 193

7.5 Separation Ability and Reproducibility 198

7.6 Conclusion and Perspectives 199

7.7 Acknowledgement 200

References 201

8 Photocatalytic Degradation of Pollutants Using ZnTiO3-Based Semiconductor 217
Waseem Raza and Khursheed Ahmad

8.1 Introduction 218

8.2 Synthesis of ZnTiO3 222

8.3 Fundamental Need and Basic Mechanism for Photocatalytic Degradation of Pollutants 223

8.4 Photocatalytic Degaradation of Pollutants Based on ZnTiO3 225

8.5 Conclusion 234

References 235

9 Types of Perovskite Materials 241
Faria Khatoon Naqvi, Yashfeen Khan, Saba Beg and Anees Ahmad

Abbreviations 241

9.1 Introduction 242

9.1.2 Types of Perovskite 243

9.1.2.1 ABO3 Type of Perovskite Materials 244

9.1.2.2 Oxygen and Cation-Deficient Perovskites 246

9.1.2.3 Complex Perovskites 247

9.1.2.4 Layered Perovskites 248

References 253

10 Effects of Various Additives to CH3NH3PbI3 Perovskite Solar Cells 257
Takeo Oku

10.1 Introduction 257

10.2 Crystal Structures of Perovskite Halides 258

10.3 Basic Configuration of Solar Cells 260

10.4 Cl Doping to Perovskites 266

10.5 Sb or As Doping to Perovskites 270

10.6 Highly (100)-Oriented Perovskites 274

10.7 Cu Doping to Perovskites 279

10.8 K/FA Doping to Perovskites 283

10.9 Morphology Control by Polysilane 290

10.10 High-Temperature Annealed Perovskites 295

10.11 Conclusion 305

Acknowledgements 305

References 305

Index 317 

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