Philosophical Thinking About Death And Dying

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ISBN: 9780495008248 | 0495008249
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 3/30/2006

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No one likes to think about death, but what if someone asked you what you believed about it? PHILOSOPHICAL THINKING ABOUT DEATH AND DYING walks you through the major metaphysical and ethical issues surrounding death and dying, showing you what others have thought so you can form your own opinion. Plus, it covers what science is telling us about the process of dying. This philosophy textbook is easy to use and full of study tools, so you'll be ready to get a great grade in class as well.

Preface

Introduction: Philosophical Thinking and Death

(1)

Philosophy and The Death of Ivan Ilyich

(2)

Metaphysics

(1)

Epistemology

(1)

Ethics

(1)

Philosophical Thinking

(1)

Philosophical vs. Ordinary Thinking

(1)

Philosophical Thinking and Death

(1)

Three Kinds of Fundamental Questions

(1)

The Value of Philosophical Thinking About Death and Dying

(2)

References

(2)

PART I The Nature of Death

Introduction: The 9/11 Memorial and Death Denial

(4)

Definition and Criteria of Death

(17)

The Death of Terri Schiavo

(1)

Traditional Heart-Lung Definition

(2)

The Challenge Posed by Biomedical Technology

(1)

The Challenge Posed by Transplantation

(1)

Whole-Brain Death Definition

(1)

Challenges to the Whole-Brain Formulation

(3)

Return to the Heart-Lung Formulation

(1)

Adopt a Higher-Brain Formulation

(1)

Adopt a Brainstem Formulation

(1)

The Biological vs. Psycho-Social Debate: Organisms vs. Persons

(4)

Death of the Organism: A Biological Perspective

(1)

Death of the Person: A Psycho-Social Perspective

(1)

Problems with the Person-Based View

(1)

The Person-Based Reply

(2)

Lingering Questions About Brain Death

(3)

Definition or Permission?

(1)

Help or Harm?

(2)

Event or Process?

(1)

Conclusions

(2)

References

(2)

Death in the West

(19)

A Wisconsin Death Trip

(1)

Premodern Attitude (To 1900): Death Visible and Tamed

(11)

Early Middle Ages (500-1000): Death as Destiny

(3)

Later Middle Ages (1000-1400): Death of Self

(3)

The Age of Enlightenment (1650-1750): Fear Checked by Reason

(2)

Romanticism (1750-1850): Fear Sublimated in the Death of Others

(2)

The Modern Age (1900-1975): Death Invisible and Wild

(2)

Scientific vs. Traditional Worldview

(1)

Postmodern Age (1975-Present): Death Open and Available

(2)

The Fear of Death

(1)

Conclusions

(1)

References

(2)

The Consciousness of Death

(19)

The Beheading of Nicholas Berg and the Imminence of Death

(1)

The Instinctual Basis of the Fear of Death

(3)

The Argument from Biology

(1)

The Argument from Psychoanalysis

(2)

Existential Thought and the Fear of Death

(1)

Kierkegaard

(6)

Human Nature as a Union of Opposites

(1)

``The Predicament of the Existing Individual''

(1)

``The Dizziness of Freedom''

(1)

``Shut-upness''

(1)

Objective vs. Subjective Thinking

(1)

Relation with the Infinite

(1)

Heidegger

(6)

Awareness of One's Being

(1)

``Thrownness'' and ``Angst''

(1)

``Being-Towards-Death''

(1)

``Fallenness''

(1)

``Fleeing in the Face of Death'' vs. ``Living in the Light of Death''

(1)

Death as an Event

(2)

Death as an Existential Phenomenon

(1)

Conclusions

(1)

References

(2)

The Evil of Death

(15)

Waiting for Godot

(1)

The Problem of the Evil of Death

(5)

Death as Not Bad: The Epicurean Argument

(2)

Death as Bad: Deprivation Theory

(3)

The Rationality of Death

(3)

Is It Irrational to Fear Death?

(1)

Is It Rational to Be Led by the Fear of Death?

(1)

Conclusions

(1)

References

(3)

PART II Survival of Death

Introduction: A Death in the Family

(2)

The Self and Its Relation to Death

(19)

Dualistic View of Human Nature

(4)

Plato

(1)

The Soul's Existence

(3)

Descartes

(1)

The Mind-Body Problem

(1)

Responses to the Mind-Body Problem

(5)

Reductive Theories of Mind

(2)

Critical Responses to Reductive Theories of Mind

(2)

The Persistence of Personal Identity

(5)

Body

(1)

Soul

(1)

Memory

(1)

No-Self

(1)

Hume

(2)

Conclusion

101

(1)

References

101

(3)

Survival Hypotheses

104

(18)

Disembodied or Pure Individual Mind

105

(1)

Resurrection

106

(5)

Judaism

106

(1)

Islam

107

(1)

Christianity

108

(3)

Reincarnation

111

(5)

Hinduism

111

(1)

Buddhism

112

(2)

Christianity

114

(1)

Western Philosophy

115

(1)

Mystical Union

116

(3)

Hinduism

116

(1)

Taoism

117

(1)

Buddhism

118

(1)

Western Philosophy

118

(1)

Conclusions

119

(1)

References

119

(3)

Bases for Afterlife Belief

122

(23)

``After-Death.Com'' and Life Everlasting

122

(1)

The Argument from Theology

123

(1)

The Argument from Morality

123

(2)

The Argument from Globalism

125

(1)

The Argument from Human Development

126

(4)

Irenaean Theodicy

126

(2)

Bergson's Elan Vital

128

(2)

The Argument from Parapsychological Phenomena

130

(4)

Past Life

130

(1)

Near Death Experiences

131

(1)

Deathbed Visions

131

(1)

Apparitions and Materializations

132

(1)

Out-of-Body Experiences

133

(1)

Messages from the Dead and the Beyond

134

(1)

Conclusions

134

(4)

References

138

(3)

PART III Voluntary Death

Introduction: Quinlan, Perlmutter, Cruzan

141

(4)

Conceptual Issues in Suicide and Euthanasia

145

(16)

Garrett Hardin and the Profile of Suicide

145

(2)

Suicide: The Problem of Definition

147

(2)

Self-Sacrificial Deaths

147

(1)

Coerced Deaths

148

(1)

Euthanasia

149

(1)

Definition: Narrow and Broad Interpretations

150

(1)

Killing vs. Allowing to Die

151

(5)

A Distinction with a Difference?

154

(1)

Yes (Narrow Interpretation)

154

(1)

No (Broad Interpretation)

155

(1)

Voluntary and Nonvoluntary Decisions

156

(2)

Voluntary Decisions

157

(1)

Nonvoluntary Decisions

157

(1)

Conclusions

158

(1)

References

159

(2)

History and Contemporary Opinion

161

(18)

Suicide as an Office to God, Neighbor, Self: Plato and Aristle

161

(1)

Suicide as Rational: The Stories

162

(1)

Suicide as Sinful: Augnustne and Aquinas

163

(1)

Suicide as Beneficial to Self and Others: Hume

164

(2)

``On Suicide''

165

(1)

Suicide as Violating Moral Responsibility: Kant

166

(3)

The Argument from Free Will

166

(1)

The Argument from Human Nature

167

(1)

The Argument from Autonomy

168

(1)

Argument from Divine Will

168

(1)

Suicide as a Social Utility: Bentham and Mill

169

(2)

Assisted Suicide: The Contemporary Picture

171

(4)

Physician Assistance

171

(1)

World Legal Opinion

172

(1)

U.S. Public and Professional Opinion

172

(2)

Initiatives and Legislation

174

(1)

Oregon's Death with Dignity Act

174

(1)

Conclusions

175

(1)

References

176

(3)

Individual Morality

179

(18)

The Assisted Death of Velma Howard

179

(1)

Principles

180

(8)

Utility/Happiness

180

(4)

Respect for Persons

184

(2)

Natural Law

186

(2)

Virtue

188

(5)

Conclusions

193

(1)

References

194

(3)

Social Policy and Law

197

(17)

Gonzales v. Oregon

197

(1)

Individual Rights

198

(5)

Human Rights

199

(2)

Welfare Rights

201

(2)

Equality

203

(3)

The General Welfare

206

(4)

State Paternalism

206

(1)

Self-Regarding vs. Other-Regarding I rtues and Vices

207

(1)

The Case for Indirect Harm

208

(1)

The Case Against Indirect Harm

208

(2)

Conclusions

210

(1)

References

211

(3)

Futile Treatment and the Duty to Die

214

(18)

The Case of Helga Wanglie

214

(1)

Medical Futility: Physician Beneficence v Patient Autonomy

215

(2)

Arguments for Limiting Patient Autonomy

217

(2)

Professionalism

217

(1)

Responsible Stewardship

218

(1)

Arguments Against Limiting Patient Autonomy

219

(3)

Physician Bias

219

(1)

Uncertain Prognoses/Mistaken Diagnoses

220

(1)

Lack of Social Consensus

220

(1)

Social Contract

221

(1)

The Duty to Die

222

(6)

From Patient to Family-Centered Bioethics: The Ideas of John Hardwig

224

(2)

Hardwig's Critics

226

(1)

Logical Problems

226

(1)

Practical Problems

227

(1)

Conclusions

228

(1)

References

229

(3)

Conclusion: Life, Death, and Meaning

232

(22)

Death Gives Meaning to Life

233

(4)

Death as Necessary for Life

233

(1)

Death as Part of the Life Cycle

234

(1)

Death as Ultimate Affirmation

235

(1)

Death as Motive to Commitment and Engagement

235

(1)

Death as Stimulus to Creativity

236

(1)

Death as Socially Useful

236

(1)

The Meaning of Life

237

(3)

Theistic

238

(1)

Non-Theistic

239

(1)

Progress and Meaning

240

(4)

Self-Consciousness and Freedom

240

(1)

Science

241

(1)

Critics of Progress

242

(1)

Schopenhauer

242

(1)

Von Hartmann

242

(1)

Nietzsche

243

(1)

Criticism of the Western Conception of ``Progress''

243

(1)

The Challenge of Nihilism

244

(1)

Responses to Nihilism

245

(4)

Refusal or Rejection

245

(1)

Acceptance

245

(2)

Affirmation

247

(2)

The Examined Life, Death, and Meaning

249

(5)

Index

254

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Philosophical Thinking About Death And Dying

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