Philosophy of Religion: A Contemporary

Philosophy of Religionprovides an account of the central issues and viewpoints in the philosophy of religion but also shows how such issues can be rationally assessed and in what ways competing views can be rationally assessed. It includes major philosophical figures in religious traditions as well as discussions by important contemporary philosophers. Keith E. Yandell deals lucidly and constructively with representative views from Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism.

Preface

xiii

Introduction

1

(8)

PART I: PHILOSOPHY AND RELIGION

9

(72)

What is philosophy? What is religion? What is philosophy of religion?

11

(10)

Philosophy

13

(2)

Objectivity

15

(1)

Religion

16

(1)

Philosophy of religion

17

(1)

Questions for reflection

18

(1)

Annotated reading

18

(3)

What sorts of religion are there?

21

(16)

Monotheism

24

(4)

Advaita Vedanta

28

(2)

Jainism

30

(1)

Buddhism

31

(1)

Comparison

32

(1)

The criteria applied

32

(2)

Questions for reflection

34

(1)

Annotated reading

35

(2)

What sorts of religious experience are there?

37

(14)

Structure and content

39

(2)

Descriptions

41

(5)

Criteria and their application

46

(4)

Questions for reflection

50

(1)

Annotated reading

50

(1)

The importance of doctrine and the distinctness of religious traditions

51

(14)

Doctrine

53

(3)

``Truth-claims''

56

(1)

Identity

57

(4)

Diversity

61

(3)

Questions for reflection

64

(1)

Annotated reading

64

(1)

Religious pluralism

65

(16)

Religious plurality and religious pluralism

67

(1)

The content of religious pluralism

67

(1)

Some religion-relevant consequences of RP

68

(2)

A critical discussion of RP: Part one

70

(4)

A critical discussion of RP: Part two

74

(4)

A critical discussion of RP: Part three

78

(1)

Questions for reflection

79

(1)

Annotated reading

80

(1)

PART II: RELIGIOUS CONCEPTIONS OF ULTIMATE REALITY

81

(38)

Monotheistic conceptions of ultimate reality

83

(16)

Generic philosophical monotheism

85

(1)

Greek monotheism

86

(3)

Semitic monotheism

89

(1)

Hindu monotheism

90

(1)

Monotheisms and atheisms

91

(5)

Questions for reflection

96

(1)

Annotated reading

97

(2)

Nonmonotheistic conceptions of ultimate reality

99

(20)

Advaita Vedanta Hinduism

102

(7)

Jainism and Buddhism

109

(7)

Conclusion

116

(1)

Questions for reflection

116

(1)

Annotated reading

117

(2)

PART III: ARGUMENTS CONCERNING MONOTHEISTIC CONCEPTIONS

119

(118)

Arguments against monotheism

121

(46)

Three questions

123

(1)

The problem of evil

124

(1)

Failed escapes

125

(3)

The consistency issue

128

(3)

The evidential issue

131

(30)

Conclusion

161

(1)

Epilogue

161

(3)

Questions for reflection

164

(1)

Annotated reading

165

(2)

Arguments for monotheism

167

(46)

Proof

169

(2)

Logical necessity

171

(3)

Purely conceptual proofs and the Ontological Argument

174

(7)

Empirical proofs, argument strategies, and principles of sufficient reason

181

(3)

Arguments by Thomas Aquinas

184

(26)

Questions for reflection

210

(1)

Annotated reading

211

(2)

Monotheism and religious experience

213

(24)

Phenomenologically thick experiences

215

(1)

Experience as direct evidence

216

(2)

A principle of experiential evidence

218

(10)

Being evidence versus providing evidence

228

(2)

The evidential argument from religious experience

230

(1)

The principle of experiential evidence applied

231

(4)

Questions for reflection

235

(1)

Annotated reading

235

(2)

PART IV: ARGUMENTS CONCERNING NONMONOTHEISTIC CONCEPTIONS

237

(62)

Arguments concerning nonmonotheistic conceptions (1)

239

(26)

Appeals to argument and appeals to experience

241

(1)

Advaita Vedanta

242

(1)

Jainism and Buddhism on persons

242

(2)

Identity

244

(2)

Personal identity

246

(1)

Bundle theory

246

(6)

Copiers and annihilators

252

(7)

Substance theory

259

(4)

Questions for reflection

263

(1)

Annotated reading

264

(1)

Arguments concerning nonmonotheistic conceptions (2)

265

(34)

Appeals to enlightenment experience

267

(4)

Self-authentication

271

(14)

Advaita appeal to enlightenment experience

285

(1)

Jain-type appeals to experience

286

(7)

Buddhist-type appeals to experience

293

(2)

The contrasting arguments

295

(3)

Questions for reflection

298

(1)

Annotated reading

298

(1)

PART V: RELIGION, MORALITY, FAITH, AND REASON

299

(62)

Religion and morality

301

(40)

Religious values and moral values

303

(3)

Deterministic views

306

(3)

Compatibilism and incompatibilism

309

(13)

The Principle of Alternative Possibilities

322

(13)

Divine foreknowledge and human freedom

335

(3)

Conclusion

338

(1)

Questions for reflection

339

(1)

Annotated reading

339

(2)

Faith and reason

341

(20)

Faith

343

(1)

Knowledge

343

(1)

Scientism

344

(2)

Propositions

346

(3)

The epistemic status of religious belief

349

(1)

Robust foundationalism

350

(1)

Confirmationism and falsificationism

351

(4)

Ways of being falsified

355

(1)

Theistic arguments and explanatory power

356

(3)

Questions for reflection

359

(1)

Annotated reading

359

(2)

Glossary

361

(4)

Selected great figures in the history of philosophy of religion

365

(2)

Notes

367

(28)

Bibliography

395

(6)

Index

401

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Philosophy of Religion: A Contemporary Introduction

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials