Physical Chemistry for the Chemical and Biological Sciences

, by Chang, Raymond

Write a Review

Note: Supplemental materials are not guaranteed with Rental or Used book purchases.

ISBN: 9781891389061 | 1891389068
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 2/1/2000

Rent

(Recommended)

$24.72

Term

Due

Price

Semester

Aug 2

$49.44

Quarter

Jul 22

$46.97

Short Term

Jun 7

$24.72

*This item is part of an exclusive publisher rental program and requires an additional convenience fee. This fee will be reflected in the shopping cart.
Buy Used

In Stock Usually Ships in 24 Hours.

$107.71
Buy New

In Stock Usually Ships in 24 Hours.

$157.61
eBook

Available Instantly

Online: 180 Days

Downloadable: 180 Days

$76.50

Author Biography

Supplemental Materials

Preface

Introduction

(8)

Nature of Physical Chemistry

(2)

Units

(3)

Force

(1)

Pressure

(2)

Energy

(1)

Atomic Mass, Molecular Mass, and the Chemical Mole

(3)

The Gas Laws

(28)

Some Basic Definitions

(1)

An Operational Definition of Temperature

(1)

Boyle's Law

(1)

Charles' and Gay-Lussac's Law

(2)

Avogadro's Law

(1)

The Ideal Gas Equation

(2)

Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures

(2)

Real Gases

(6)

The van der Waals Equation

(3)

The Virial Equation of State

(2)

Condensation of Gases and the Critical State

(13)

Problems

(7)

Kinetic Theory of Gases

(38)

The Model

(1)

Pressure of a Gas

(2)

Kinetic Energy and Temperature

(1)

The Maxwell Distribution Laws

(6)

Molecular Collisions and the Mean Free Path

(4)

Gas Viscosity

(3)

Graham's Laws of Diffusion and Effusion

(3)

Equipartition of Energy

(18)

Derivation of Equation 3.24

(2)

Total and Partial Differentiation

(3)

Problems

(6)

The First Law of Thermodynamics

(50)

Work and Heat

(7)

Work

(6)

Heat

(1)

The First Law of Thermodynamics

(3)

Enthalpy

(5)

A Closer Look at Heat Capacities

(3)

Gas Expansion

(5)

Isothermal Expansion

(1)

Adiabatic Expansion

(4)

Thermochemistry

(8)

Standard Enthalpy of Formation

(6)

Dependence of Enthalpy of Reaction on Temperature

104

(2)

Bond Energies and Bond Enthalpies

106

(19)

Bond Enthalpy and Bond Dissociation Enthalpy

108

(5)

Exact and Inexact Differentials

113

(4)

Problems

117

(8)

The Second Law of Thermodynamics

125

(40)

Spontaneous Process

125

(2)

Entropy

127

(4)

Statistical Defintion of Entropy

128

(3)

Thermodynamic Definition of Entropy

131

(1)

The Carnot Heat Engine

131

(7)

Thermodynamic Efficiency

134

(1)

The Entropy Function

135

(1)

Refrigerators, Air Conditioners, and Heat Pumps

136

(2)

The Second Law of Thermodynamics

138

(3)

Entropy Changes

141

(7)

Entropy Change due to Mixing of Ideal Gases

141

(1)

Entropy Change due to Phase Transitions

142

(2)

Entropy Change due to Heating

144

(4)

The Third Law of Thermodynamics

148

(5)

Third-Law or Absolute Entropies

148

(3)

Entropy of Chemical Reactions

151

(2)

Residual Entropy

153

(12)

Statements of the Second Law of Thermodynamics

157

(2)

Problems

159

(6)

Gibbs and Helmholtz Energies and Their Applications

165

(38)

Gibbs and Helmholtz Energies

165

(3)

Meaning of Helmholtz and Gibbs Energies

168

(4)

Helmholtz Energy

168

(1)

Gibbs Energy

169

(3)

Standard Molar Gibbs Energy of Formation (ΔfG°)

172

(3)

Dependece of Gibbs Energy on Temperature and Pressure

175

(3)

Dependence of G on Temperature

175

(1)

Dependence of G on Pressure

176

(2)

Gibbs Energy and Phase Equilibria

178

(8)

The Clapeyron and Clausius-Clapeyron Equations

180

(2)

Phase Diagrams

182

(4)

The Phase Rule

186

(1)

Thermodynamics of Rubber Elasticity

186

(17)

Some Thermodynamic Relationships

191

(3)

Derivation of the Phase Rule

194

(3)

Problems

197

(6)

Nonelectrolyte Solutions

203

(46)

Concentration Units

203

(2)

Percent by Weight

203

(1)

Mole Franction (x)

204

(1)

Molarity (M)

204

(1)

Molality (m)

204

(1)

Partial Molar Quantities

205

(3)

Partial Molar Volume

205

(1)

Partial Molar Gibbs Energy

206

(2)

The Thermodynamics of Mixing

208

(3)

Binary Mixtures of Volatile Liquids

211

(6)

Real Solutions

217

(4)

The Solvent Component

218

(1)

The Solute Component

218

(3)

Phase Equilibria of Two-Component Systems

221

(7)

Distillation

221

(5)

Solid-Liquid Equilibria

226

(2)

Colligative Properties

228

(21)

Vapor-Pressure Lowering

228

(1)

Boiling-Point Elevation

229

(3)

Freezing-Point Depression

232

(3)

Osmotic Pressure

235

(9)

Problems

244

(5)

Electrolyte Solutions

249

(52)

Electrical Conduction in Solution

249

(10)

Some Basic Definitions

249

(6)

Degree of Dissociation

255

(1)

Ionic Mobility

256

(2)

Applications of Conductance Measuremnts

258

(1)

A Molecular View of the Solution Process

259

(4)

Thermodynamics of Ions in Solution

263

(3)

Enthalpy, Entropy, and Gibbs Energy of Formation of Ions in Solution

264

(2)

Ionic Activity

266

(5)

Debye-Huckel Theory of Electrolytes

271

(6)

The Salting-In and Salting-Out Effects

274

(3)

Colligative Properties of Electrolyte Solutions

277

(5)

The Donnan Effect

279

(3)

Biological Membranes

282

(19)

Membrane Transport

284

(7)

Notes on Electrostatics

291

(3)

The Donnan Effect Involving Proteins Bearing Multiple Charges

294

(3)

Problems

297

(4)

Chemical Equilibrium

301

(50)

Chemical Equilibrium in Gaseous Systems

301

(8)

Ideal Gases

301

(6)

Real Gases

307

(2)

Reactions in Solution

309

(1)

Heterogeneous Equilibria

310

(2)

The Influence of Temperature, Pressure, and Catalysts on the Equilibrium Constant

312

(6)

The Effect of Temperature

313

(3)

The Effect of Pressure

316

(1)

The Effect of a Catalyst

317

(1)

Binding of Ligands and Metal Ions to Macromolecules

318

(6)

One Binding Site per Macromolecule

318

(1)

n Equivalent Binding Sites per Macromolecule

319

(3)

Equilibrium Dialysis

322

(2)

Bioenergetics

324

(27)

The Standard State in Biochemistry

325

(2)

ATP---The Currency of Energy

327

(3)

Principles of Coupled Reactions

330

(1)

Glycolysis

330

(6)

Some Limitations of Thermodynamics

336

(2)

The Relationship Between Fugacity and pressure

338

(3)

The Relationships Between K1 and K2 and the Intrinsic Dissociation Constant K

341

(4)

Problems

345

(6)

Electrochemistry

351

(46)

Electrochemical Cell

351

(2)

Single-Electrode Potential

353

(3)

Thermodynamics of Electrochemical Cells

356

(7)

The Nernst Equation

360

(2)

Temperature Dependence of EMF

362

(1)

Types of Electrodes

363

(1)

Metal Electrodes

363

(1)

Gas Electrodes

363

(1)

Metal-Insoluble Salt Electrodes

363

(1)

The Glass Electrode

364

(1)

Ion-Selective Electrodes

364

(1)

Types of Electrochemical Cells

364

(2)

Concentration Cells

365

(1)

Fuel Cells

365

(1)

Applications of EMF Measurements

366

(2)

Determination of Activity Coefficients

367

(1)

Determination of pH

367

(1)

Potentiometric Titration of Redox Reactions

368

(5)

Biological Oxidation

373

(8)

The Chemiosmotic Theory of Oxidative Phosphorylation

378

(3)

Membrane Potential

381

(16)

The Goldman Equation

384

(1)

The Action Potential

384

(7)

Problems

391

(6)

Acids and Bases

397

(48)

Definitions of Acids and Bases

397

(1)

Dissociation of Acids and Bases

398

(8)

The Ion Product of Water and the pH Scale

403

(2)

The Relationship Between the Dissociation Constant of an Acid and Its Conjugate Base

405

(1)

Salt Hydrolysis

406

(1)

Acid-Base Titrations

407

(5)

Acid-Base Indicators

411

(1)

Diprotic and Polyprotic Acids

412

(4)

Amino Acids

416

(4)

Dissociation of Amino Acids

416

(3)

The Isoelectric Point (pI)

419

(1)

Buffer solutions

420

(5)

The Effect of Ionic Strength and Temperature on Buffer Solutions

422

(2)

Preparing a Buffer solution With a Specific pH

424

(1)

Buffer Capacity

425

(1)

Maintaining the pH of Blood

425

(20)

A More Exact Treatment of Acid-Base Equilibria

431

(8)

Problems

439

(6)

Chemical Kinetics

445

(66)

Reaction Rate

445

(1)

Reaction Order

446

(14)

Zero-Order Reactions

447

(1)

First-Order Reactions

448

(4)

Second-Order Reactions

452

(6)

Determination of Reaction Order

458

(2)

Molecularity of a Reaction

460

(4)

Unimolecular Reactions

461

(2)

Bimolecular Reactions

463

(1)

Termolecular Reactions

463

(1)

More Complex Reactions

464

(5)

Reversible Reactions

464

(2)

Consecutive Reactions

466

(2)

Chain Reactions

468

(1)

The Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rates

469

(2)

The Arrhenius Equation

470

(1)

Potential-Energy Surfaces

471

(2)

Theories of Reaction Rates

473

(7)

Collision Theory

473

(2)

Transition-State Theory

475

(1)

Thermodynamic Formulation of Transition-State Theory

476

(4)

Isotope Effects in Chemical Reactions

480

(3)

Reactions in solution

483

(2)

Fast Reactions in Solution

485

(6)

The Flow Method

487

(1)

The Relaxation Method

488

(3)

Oscillating Reactions

491

(20)

Derivation of Equation 12.9

494

(2)

Derivation of Equation 12.38

496

(4)

Problems

500

(11)

Enzyme Kinetics

511

(50)

General Principles of Catalysis

511

(3)

Enzyme Catalysis

512

(2)

The Equations of Enzyme Kinetics

514

(7)

Michaelis-Menten Kinetics

515

(2)

Steady-State Kinetics

517

(2)

The Significance of KM and Vmax

519

(2)

Chymotrypsin: A Case Study

521

(3)

Multisubstrate Systems

524

(2)

The Sequential Mechanism

525

(1)

The Nonsequential or ``Ping-Pong'' Mechanism

526

(1)

Enzyme Inhibition

526

(10)

Reversible Inhibition

527

(8)

Irreversible Inhibition

535

(1)

Allosteric Interactions

536

(9)

Oxygen Binding to Myoglobin and Hemoglobin

536

(2)

The Hill Equation

538

(3)

The Concerted Model

541

(2)

The Sequential Model

543

(1)

Conformational Changes in Hemoglobin Induced by Oxygen Binding

544

(1)

pH Effects on Enzyme Kinetics

545

(16)

Kinetic Analysis of the Hydrolysis of p-Nitrophenyl Trimethylacetate Catalyzed by Chymotrypsin

549

(2)

Derivations of Equations 13.17 and 13.19

551

(2)

Derivation of Equation 13.32

553

(3)

Problems

556

(5)

Quantum Mechanics and Atomic Structure

561

(58)

The Wave Theory of Light

561

(3)

Planck's Quantum Theory

564

(1)

The Photoelectric Effect

565

(2)

Bohr's Theory of the Hydrogen Emission Spectrum

567

(7)

de Broglie's Postulate

574

(4)

The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

578

(3)

The Schrodinger Wave Equation

581

(2)

Particle in a One-Dimensional Box

583

(7)

Electronic Spectra of Polyenes

588

(2)

Quantum-Mechanical Tunneling

590

(3)

The Schrodinger Wave Equation for the Hydrogen Atom

593

(7)

Atomic Orbitals

595

(5)

Many-Electron Atoms and the Periodic Table

600

(19)

Electron Configurations

601

(4)

Variations in Periodic Properties

605

(7)

Problems

612

(7)

The Chemical Bond

619

(50)

Lewis Structures

619

(1)

Valence Bond Theory

620

(3)

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals

623

(7)

Methane (CH4)

623

(3)

Ethylene (C2H4)

626

(1)

Acetylene (C2H2)

626

(4)

Electronegativity and Dipole Moment

630

(3)

Electronegativity

630

(1)

Dipole Moment

630

(3)

Molecular Orbital Theory

633

(3)

Diatomic Molecules

636

(5)

Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules of the Second-Period Elements

636

(2)

Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules of the First-and Second-Period Elements

638

(3)

Resonance and Electron Delocalization

641

(4)

The Peptide Bond

644

(1)

Coordination Compounds

645

(10)

Crystal Field Theory

647

(5)

Molecular Orbital Theory

652

(2)

Valence Bond Theory

654

(1)

Coordination Compounds in Biological Systems

655

(14)

Problems

664

(5)

Intermolecular Forces

669

(32)

Intermolecular Interactions

669

(1)

The Ionic Bond

670

(2)

Types of Intermolecular Forces

672

(10)

Dipole-Dipole Interaction

672

(2)

Ion-Dipole Interaction

674

(1)

Ion-Induced Dipole and Dipole-Induced Dipole Interactions

675

(3)

Dispersion, or London, Interactions

678

(1)

Repulsive and Total Interactions

679

(2)

The Role of Dispersion Forces in Sickle-Cell Anemia

681

(1)

The Hydrogen Bond

682

(7)

The Structure and Properties of Water

689

(4)

The Structure of Ice

689

(1)

The Structure of Water

689

(2)

Some Physiochemical Properties of Water

691

(2)

Hydrophobic Interaction

693

(8)

Problems

698

(3)

Spectroscopy

701

(68)

Vocabulary

701

(10)

Absorption and Emission

701

(1)

Units

701

(1)

Regions of the Spectrum

702

(1)

Line Width

703

(2)

Resolution

705

(1)

Intensity

706

(2)

Selection Rules

708

(1)

Signal-to-Noise Ratio

709

(1)

The Beer-Lambert Law

710

(1)

Microwave Spectroscopy

711

(6)

Infrared Spectroscopy

717

(7)

Simultaneous Vibrational and Rotational Transitions

722

(2)

Electronic Spectroscopy

724

(7)

Organic Molecules

726

(3)

Transition Metal Complexes

729

(1)

Molecules that Undergo Charge-Transfer Interactions

729

(1)

Application of the Beer-Lambert Law

729

(2)

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

731

(10)

The Boltzmann Distribution

734

(1)

Chemical Shifts

734

(3)

Spin-Spin Coupling

737

(1)

NMR and Rate Processes

738

(1)

NMR of Nuclei Other Than 1H

739

(2)

Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy

741

(2)

Fluorescence and Phosphorescence

743

(3)

Fluorescence

743

(1)

Phosphorescence

744

(2)

Lasers

746

(23)

Properties and Applications of Laser Light

749

(4)

Fourier-Transform Spectroscopy

753

(10)

Problems

763

(6)

Molecular Symmetry and Optical Activity

769

(14)

Symmetry of Molecules

769

(3)

Proper Rotation Axis

769

(1)

Plane of Symmetry

770

(1)

Center of Symmetry

770

(1)

Improper Rotation Axis

770

(1)

Molecular Symmetry and Dipole Moment

770

(1)

Molecular Symmetry and Optical Activity

771

(1)

Polarized Light and Optical Rotation

772

(5)

Optical Rotatory Dispersion and Circular Dichroism

777

(6)

Problems

781

(2)

Photochemistry and Photobiology

783

(48)

Introduction

783

(5)

Thermal Versus Photochemical Reactions

783

(1)

Primary Versus Secondary Processes

784

(1)

Quantum Yields

784

(2)

Measurement of Light Intensity

786

(1)

Action Spectrum

787

(1)

Earth's Atmosphere

788

(5)

Composition of the Atmosphere

788

(1)

Regions of the Atmosphere

789

(3)

Residence Time

792

(1)

The Greenhouse Effect

793

(3)

Photochemical Smog

796

(4)

Formation of Nitrogen Oxides

796

(1)

Formation of O3

797

(1)

Formation of Hydroxyl Radical

798

(1)

Formation of Other Secondary Pollutants

798

(1)

Harmful Effects and Prevention of Photochemical Smog

799

(1)

The Essential Role of Ozone in the Stratosphere

800

(5)

Formation of the Ozone Layer

800

(1)

Destruction of Ozone

801

(2)

Polar Ozone Holes

803

(1)

Ways to Curb Ozone Depletion

804

(1)

Photosynthesis

805

(8)

The Chloroplast

806

(1)

Chlorophyll and Other Pigment Molecules

807

(1)

The Reaction Center

808

(1)

Photosystems I and II

809

(3)

Dark Reactions

812

(1)

Vision

813

(4)

Structure of Rhodopsin

814

(1)

Mechanism of Vision

815

(1)

Rotation About the C=C Bond

816

(1)

Biological Effects of Radiation

817

(14)

Sunlight and Skin Cancer

817

(2)

Photomedicin

819

(1)

Light-Activated Drugs

820

(5)

Problems

825

(6)

The Solid State

831

(32)

Classification of Crystal Systems

831

(3)

The Bragg Equation

834

(2)

Structural Determination by X-ray Diffraction

836

(9)

The Powder Method

838

(1)

Determination of the Crystal Structure of NaCl

839

(2)

The Structure Factor

841

(3)

Neutron Diffraction

844

(1)

Types of Crystals

845

(18)

Metallic Crystals

845

(6)

Ionic Crystals

851

(5)

Covalent Crystals

856

(1)

Molecular Crystals

857

(1)

Derivation of Equation 20.3

858

(3)

Problems

861

(2)

The Liquid State

863

(32)

Structure of Liquids

863

(2)

Viscosity

865

(5)

Surface Tension

870

(6)

The Capillary-Rise Method

871

(3)

Surface Tension in the Lungs

874

(2)

Diffusion

876

(7)

Fick's Laws of Diffusion

876

(7)

Liquid Crystals

883

(12)

Thermotropic Liqud Crystals

884

(4)

Lyotropic Liquid Crystals

888

(1)

Derivation of Equation 21.13

889

(2)

Problems

891

(4)

Macromolecules

895

(46)

Methods for Determining Size, Shape, and Molar Mass of Macromolecules

895

(14)

Molar Mass of Macromolecules

895

(1)

Sedimentation in the Ultracentrifuge

896

(8)

Viscosity

904

(1)

Electrophoresis

905

(4)

Structure of Synthetic Polymers

909

(4)

Configuration and Conformation

910

(1)

The Random-Walk Model

910

(3)

Structure of Proteins and DNA

913

(10)

Proteins

913

(7)

DNA

920

(3)

Protein Stability

923

(18)

Hydrophobic Interaction

923

(1)

Denaturation

924

(4)

Protein Folding

928

(6)

DNA Fingerprinting

934

(4)

Problems

938

(3)

Statistical Thermodynamics

941

(36)

Macrostates and Microstates

941

(3)

The Boltzmann Distribution Law

944

(4)

The partition Function

948

(3)

Molecular Partition Function

951

(5)

Translational Partition Function

951

(2)

Rotational Partition Function

953

(1)

Vibrational Partition Function

954

(2)

Electronic Partition Function

956

(1)

Thermodynamic Quantities from Partition Functions

956

(6)

Internal Energy and Heat Capacity

956

(2)

Entropy

958

(4)

Chemical Equilibrium

962

(6)

Transition-State Theory

968

(9)

Justification of Q = qN / N! for Indistinguishable Molecules

973

(2)

Problems

975

(2)

Appendix A Review of Mathematics and Physics

977

(9)

Appendix B Thermodynamic Data

986

(5)

Glossary

991

(14)

Answers to Even-Numbered Computational Problems

1005

(4)

Index

1009

Please wait while the item is added to your bag...

FREE SHIPPING

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Physical Chemistry for the Chemical and Biological Sciences

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials