Physical Chemistry
, by Robert G. MortimerNote: Supplemental materials are not guaranteed with Rental or Used book purchases.
- ISBN: 9780805345605 | 0805345604
- Cover: Hardcover
- Copyright: 1/1/1992
Physical chemistry is a fascinating field of study. It can reasonably be claimed that many parts of physics and all parts of chemistry are included within physical chemistry and its applications. Furthermore, it is the course in which most chemistry students first have opportunity to synthesize what they have learned in mathematics, physics, and chemistry courses into a coherent pattern of knowledge.
Periodic Table | p. xvii |
Information Tables | p. xviii |
Systems, States, and Processes | p. 1 |
Scientific Inquiry | p. 2 |
Systems and States | p. 3 |
Units of Measurements. SI Units | p. 6 |
State Functions | p. 8 |
The Relationship between Macrostates and Microstates | p. 11 |
Processes | p. 16 |
Problems | p. 19 |
The Equilibrium Macroscopic States of Gases and Liquids | p. 21 |
Mathematical Functions and the Equilibrium Macroscopic State of a Simple System | p. 22 |
Real Liquids and Solids | p. 25 |
Real Gases | p. 28 |
The Coexistence of Phases and the Critical Point | p. 32 |
Problems | p. 41 |
Work, Heat, and Energy: The First Law of Thermodynamics | p. 45 |
Work and the State of a System | p. 46 |
Heat | p. 53 |
Internal Energy. The First Law of Thermodynamics | p. 55 |
Calculation of Amounts of Heat and Energy Changes | p. 58 |
Enthalpy--A Convenience Variable | p. 68 |
Calculation of Enthalpy Changes for Non-Chemical Processes | p. 74 |
Calculation of Enthalpy Changes for a Class of Chemical Reactions | p. 77 |
Energy Changes of Chemical Reactions | p. 85 |
Problems | p. 90 |
The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics: Entropy | p. 95 |
The Second Law of Thermodynamics and the Carnot Heat Engine | p. 96 |
The Mathematical Statement of the Second Law. Entropy | p. 102 |
The Calculation of Entropy Changes | p. 107 |
Statistical Entropy | p. 116 |
The Third Law of Thermodynamics and Absolute Entropies | p. 119 |
Problems | p. 125 |
The Thermodynamics of Real Systems | p. 131 |
Criteria for Spontaneous Processes and for Equilibrium. The Gibbs and Helmholtz Energies | p. 132 |
Fundamental Relations for Closed Simple Systems | p. 137 |
Gibbs Energy Calculations | p. 142 |
The Description of Multicomponent and Open Systems | p. 146 |
Additional Useful Thermodynamic Identities | p. 152 |
Euler's Theorem and the Gibbs-Duhem Relation | p. 156 |
Problems | p. 162 |
Phase Equilibrium | p. 167 |
The Fundamental Fact of Phase Equilibrium | p. 168 |
The Gibbs Phase Rule | p. 170 |
Phase Equilibrium in a One-Component System | p. 174 |
The Gibbs Energy and Phase Transitions | p. 180 |
Surface Structure and Thermodynamics | p. 184 |
Surfaces in Multicomponent Systems | p. 191 |
Problems | p. 195 |
Multicomponent Systems | p. 199 |
Ideal Solutions | p. 200 |
Henry's Law and Dilute Nonelectrolyte Solutions | p. 209 |
The Activity and the Description of General Systems | p. 216 |
Activity Coefficients in Electrolyte Solutions | p. 228 |
Phase Diagrams for Nonideal Mixtures | p. 234 |
Colligative Properties | p. 244 |
Problems | p. 250 |
The Thermodynamics of Chemical Equilibrium | p. 255 |
Gibbs Energy Changes and Equilibria of Chemical Reactions. The Equilibrium Constant | p. 256 |
Reactions Involving Gases and Pure Substances | p. 261 |
Chemical Equilibrium in Solution | p. 264 |
Equilibria in Solutions of Strong Electrolytes | p. 266 |
Acid-Base Equilibrium Calculations | p. 270 |
Temperature Dependence of Equilibrium Constants. The Principle of Le Chatelier | p. 276 |
Chemical Reactions and Biological Systems | p. 280 |
Problems | p. 285 |
The Thermodynamics of Electrical Systems | p. 291 |
The Chemical Potential and the Electric Potential | p. 292 |
Electrochemical Cells at Equilibrium | p. 293 |
Half-Cell Potentials and Cell Potentials | p. 300 |
The Determination of Activity Coefficients of Electrolytes | p. 307 |
Thermodynamic Information from Electrochemistry | p. 312 |
Problems | p. 315 |
Gas Kinetic Theory. The Molecular Theory of Dilute Gases at Equilibrium | p. 319 |
The Model System for a Dilute Gas | p. 320 |
The Velocity Probability Distribution | p. 324 |
The Distribution of Molecular Speeds | p. 333 |
The Pressure of an Ideal Gas | p. 337 |
Wall Collisions and Effusion | p. 341 |
The Model System with Potential Energy | p. 343 |
The Hard-Sphere Gas | p. 347 |
The Molecular Structure of Liquids | p. 357 |
Problems | p. 359 |
Transport Processes | p. 365 |
The Macroscopic Description of Nonequilibrium States | p. 366 |
Transport Processes | p. 368 |
Transport Processes in the Hard-Sphere Gas | p. 380 |
The Structure of Liquids and Transport Processes in Liquids | p. 385 |
Transport in Electrolyte Solutions | p. 390 |
Problems | p. 397 |
The Rates of Chemical Reactions | p. 401 |
The Macroscopic Description of Chemically Reacting Systems | p. 402 |
Forward Reactions with one Reactant | p. 404 |
Forward Reactions with More Than One Reactant | p. 412 |
Inclusion of a Reverse Reaction. Chemical Equilibrium | p. 417 |
Consecutive Reactions and Competing Reactions | p. 420 |
The Experimental Study of Fast Reactions | p. 424 |
Problems | p. 430 |
Chemical Reaction Mechanisms | p. 435 |
Reaction Mechanisms and Elementary Processes in Gases | p. 436 |
Elementary Reactions in Liquid Solutions | p. 438 |
The Temperature Dependence of Rate Constants. The Collision Theory of Bimolecular Gaseous Reactions | p. 444 |
Reaction Mechanisms and Rate Laws | p. 450 |
Some Additional Mechanisms, Including Chain and Photochemical Mechanisms. Competing Mechanisms | p. 463 |
Catalysis | p. 469 |
Experimental Molecular Study of Chemical Reactions | p. 481 |
Problems | p. 487 |
The Principles of Quantum Mechanics. I. Classical Waves and the Schrodinger Equation | p. 493 |
Classical Mechanics | p. 494 |
Classical Waves | p. 497 |
The Old Quantum Theory | p. 507 |
De Broglie Waves and the Schrodinger Equation | p. 514 |
The Particle in a Box. The Free Particle | p. 522 |
The Harmonic Oscillator | p. 531 |
Problems | p. 534 |
The Principles of Quantum Mechanics. II. The Postulates of Quantum Mechanics | p. 539 |
The First Two Postulates of Quantum Mechanics | p. 540 |
Mathematical Operators | p. 541 |
Postulate 3. Mathematical Operators Corresponding to Mechanical Variables in Quantum Mechanics | p. 546 |
Postulate 4. Expectation Values | p. 549 |
Postulate 5. The Determination of the State of a System | p. 565 |
Problems | p. 569 |
The Electronic States of Atoms. I. The Hydrogen Atom and the Simple Orbital Approximation for Multielectron Atoms | p. 573 |
The Hydrogen Atom and the Central Force System. Angular Momentum | p. 574 |
The Wave Functions of the Hydrogen Atom | p. 582 |
The Helium Atom in the "Zero-Order" Orbital Approximation | p. 597 |
Atoms with More Than Two Electrons | p. 610 |
Problems | p. 616 |
The Electronic States of Atoms. II. Higher-Order Approximations for Multielectron Atoms | p. 619 |
The Variation Method and Its Application to the Helium Atom | p. 620 |
The Perturbation Method and Its Application to the Helium Atom | p. 625 |
The Self-Consistent Field Method | p. 627 |
Excited States of the Helium Atom | p. 629 |
Atoms with More than Two Electrons | p. 632 |
Problems | p. 642 |
The Electronic States of Molecules | p. 647 |
The Born-Oppenheimer Approximation. The Hydrogen Molecule Ion | p. 648 |
LCAO-MOs--Molecular Orbitals That Are Linear Combinations of Atomic Orbitals | p. 655 |
Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules | p. 660 |
Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules | p. 672 |
Symmetry in Polyatomic Molecules. Groups of Symmetry Operators | p. 682 |
Electronic Structure of Polyatomic Molecules | p. 690 |
More Advanced Treatments of Molecular Electronic Structure | p. 709 |
Problems | p. 715 |
Translational, Rotational, and Vibrational States of Atoms and Molecules | p. 721 |
Translational Motions of Atoms | p. 722 |
The Nonelectronic States of Diatomic Molecules | p. 724 |
Rotation and Vibration in Polyatomic Molecules | p. 736 |
The Equilibrium Populations of Molecular States | p. 743 |
Problems | p. 746 |
Spectroscopy and Photochemistry | p. 751 |
Emmission/Absorption Spectroscopy and Energy Levels | p. 752 |
The Spectra of Atoms | p. 761 |
Rotational and Vibrational Spectra of Diatomic Molecules | p. 762 |
Electronic Spectra of Diatomic Molecules | p. 769 |
Spectra of Polyatomic Molecules | p. 771 |
Fluorescence, Phosphorescence, and Photochemistry | p. 775 |
Other Types of Spectroscopy | p. 781 |
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy | p. 792 |
Fourier Transform Spectroscopy | p. 806 |
Problems | p. 811 |
Equilibrium Statistical Mechanics | p. 817 |
The Quantum Statistical Mechanics of a Sample System of Four Harmonic Oscillators | p. 818 |
The Probability Distribution for a Dilute Gas | p. 823 |
The Probability Distribution and the Molecular Partition Function | p. 828 |
The Calculation of Molecular Partition Functions | p. 836 |
Calculations of Thermodynamic Functions of Dilute Gases | p. 845 |
Chemical Equilibrium in Dilute Gases | p. 858 |
The Activated Complex Theory of Bimolecular Chemical Reactions in Dilute Gases | p. 862 |
The Canonical Ensemble | p. 872 |
Classical Statistical Mechanics | p. 881 |
Problems | p. 892 |
The Structure of Solids and Liquids | p. 897 |
General Features of Solids | p. 898 |
Crystal Vibrations | p. 906 |
The Electronic Structure of Crystalline Solids | p. 913 |
The Structure of Liquids | p. 920 |
Polymer Formation and Conformation | p. 927 |
Rubber Elasticity | p. 936 |
Polymers in Solution | p. 940 |
Problems | p. 943 |
Some Additional Theories of Nonequilibrium Processes | p. 947 |
Theories of Unimolecular Chemical Reactions | p. 948 |
The Molecular Case History of a Chemical Reaction | p. 952 |
Theories of Transport Processes in Fluid Systems | p. 954 |
Nonequilibrium Electrochemistry | p. 958 |
Electrical Conductivity in Solids | p. 970 |
Problems | p. 975 |
Appendixes | p. 977 |
Tables of Numerical Data | p. 977 |
Some Useful Mathematics | p. 1001 |
A Short Table of Integrals | p. 1021 |
Classical Mechanics | p. 1025 |
Some Derivations of Thermodynamic Formulas and Methods | p. 1031 |
Some Mathematics in Quantum Mechanics | p. 1037 |
The Perturbation Method | p. 1045 |
The Huckel Method | p. 1047 |
Matrix Representations of Groups | p. 1051 |
Symbols Used in This Book | p. 1061 |
Answers to Selected Exercises and Problems | p. 1069 |
Additional Reading | p. 1097 |
Index | p. 1105 |
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