The Physics of Laser-Atom Interactions

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ISBN: 9780521462396 | 0521462398
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 10/13/1997

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This book provides a thorough introduction to the interaction of atoms and atomic ions with optical and magnetic fields. Particular emphasis is placed on the wealth of important multilevel effects, where atomic vapours exhibit anisotropic behaviour. As well as covering the classic two-level atom approach to light-atom interactions, a general multi-level formalism is also described in detail, and used to discuss optical pumping, two-dimensional spectroscopy and nonlinear optical dynamics. The final chapter deals with the mechanical effects of light, including the cooling and trapping of atoms. With full theoretical and experimental coverage, and over 250 illustrations, the book will be of great interest to graduate students of laser spectroscopy, quantum electronics and quantum optics, and to researchers in these fields.

Preface

(2)

Symbols and abbreviations

xiii

1 Introduction

(37)

1.1 Atoms

(5)

1.1.1 Historical

(2)

1.1.2 Quantum mechanics

(3)

1.2 Light

(6)

1.2.1 The quantum theory of light

(4)

1.2.2 The classical description

(2)

1.3 Atom-light interaction

(9)

1.3.1 General

(5)

1.3.2 Multilevel atoms

(4)

1.4 Summary of relevant physical processes

(17)

1.4.1 Laser spectroscopy

(1)

1.4.2 Sublevel dynamics

(3)

1.4.3 Optical properties

(3)

1.4.4 Magnetic resonance

(7)

1.4.5 Waves and particles

(3)

2 Two-level atoms

(36)

2.1 Quantum mechanical description

(8)

2.1.1 The Jaynes-Cummings model

(3)

2.1.2 Summary of results

(5)

2.2 Semiclassical analysis

(17)

2.2.1 Model

(5)

2.2.2 Equation of motion

(6)

2.2.3 Statics

(2)

2.2.4 Stationary solution

(4)

2.3 Dynamics

(11)

2.3.1 Rabi flopping

(3)

2.3.2 Free precession

(4)

2.3.3 Photon echoes

(4)

3 Three-level effects

(45)

3.1 Phenomenological introduction

(3)

3.1.1 Model atoms

(2)

3.1.2 Coherence transfer

(1)

3.2 System and Hamiltonian

(6)

3.2.1 Single-transition operators

(2)

3.2.2 Irradiation of a single transition

(2)

3.2.3 Irradiation of two transitions

(2)

3.3 Three-level dynamics

(16)

3.3.1 Excitation of a single transition

(2)

3.3.2 Coherence transfer

(2)

3.3.3 Three-level echoes

(3)

3.3.4 Quantum beats

(1)

3.3.5 Raman excitation

(6)

3.3.6 Bichromatic excitation

(2)

3.4 Steady-state effects

(10)

3.4.1 Coherent population trapping

100

(5)

3.4.2 Coherent Raman scattering

105

(4)

3.5 Overdamped systems

109

(10)

3.5.1 Characteristics

109

(3)

3.5.2 Adiabatic limit

112

(1)

3.5.3 Optical pumping

113

(2)

3.5.4 Light shift and damping

115

(2)

3.5.5 Ground state dynamics

117

(2)

4 Internal degrees of freedom

119

(41)

4.1 Rotational symmetry

119

(12)

4.1.1 Motivation

119

(1)

4.1.2 Rotations around a single axis

120

(3)

4.1.3 Rotations in three dimensions

123

(3)

4.1.4 Tensor operators

126

(2)

4.1.5 Hamiltonian and Schrodinger equations

128

(3)

4.2 Angular momentum

131

(6)

4.2.1 Radiation field

131

(3)

4.2.2 Atomic angular momentum

134

(3)

4.3 Multipole moments

137

(3)

4.3.1 Multiple expansion

137

(2)

4.3.2 Alignment

139

(1)

4.4 Interaction with external fields

140

(11)

4.4.1 Electric fields

140

(3)

4.4.2 Magnetic interactions

143

(3)

4.4.3 Magnetic resonance spectra

146

(3)

4.4.4 Larmor precession

149

(2)

4.5 Electric dipole transitions

151

(9)

4.5.1 Angular momentum exchange

151

(3)

4.5.2 Spin-orbit coupling

154

(4)

4.5.3 Nuclear spin

158

(2)

5 Optical pumping

160

(43)

5.1 Principle and overview

160

(3)

5.1.1 Phenomenology

160

(1)

5.1.2 Historical

161

(2)

5.2 Two-level ground states

163

(11)

5.2.1 System

163

(2)

5.2.2 Longitudinal pumping

165

(1)

5.2.3 Relaxation effects

166

(2)

5.2.4 Transverse pumping

168

(3)

5.2.5 Light shift

171

(3)

5.3 Modulated pumping

174

(12)

5.3.1 Motivation

174

(3)

5.3.2 Equation of motion

177

(1)

5.3.3 Rotating frame

178

(3)

5.3.4 Polarisation modulation

181

(5)

5.4 Multilevel ground states

186

(17)

5.4.1 Overview

186

(1)

5.4.2 Hyperfine pumping

187

(1)

5.4.3 Degenerate multilevel systems

188

(3)

5.4.4 The sodium ground state

191

(5)

5.4.5 Light shift and damping

196

(2)

5.4.6 Diamagnetic ground states

198

(2)

5.4.7 Spectral holeburning

200

(3)

6 Optically anisotropic vapours

203

(45)

6.1 Isotropic atoms

203

(6)

6.1.1 The Lorentz-Lorenz model

203

(4)

6.1.2 Semiclassical theory

207

(2)

6.2 Anisotropic media

209

(11)

6.2.1 Introduction

209

(2)

6.2.2 System response

211

(4)

6.2.3 Magnetooptic effects

215

(5)

6.3 Propagation

220

(10)

6.3.1 Eigenpolarisations of plane waves

220

(3)

6.3.2 Arbitrary polarisation

223

(3)

6.3.3 Coherent Raman scattering

226

(2)

6.3.4 Transverse effects

228

(2)

6.4 Polarisation-selective detection

230

(18)

6.4.1 Fundamentals

230

(5)

6.4.2 Detection schemes

235

(4)

6.4.3 Observables in multilevel ground states

239

(3)

6.4.4 The sodium ground state

242

(6)

7 Coherent Raman processes

248

(32)

7.1 Overview

248

(8)

7.1.1 Raman processes

248

(3)

7.1.2 Electronic structure of rare earth ions

251

(1)

7.1.3 Nuclear spin states

252

(4)

7.2 Frequency-domain experiments

256

(7)

7.2.1 Spectral holeburning

256

(2)

7.2.2 Raman heterodyne spectroscopy

258

(3)

7.2.3 Triple resonance

261

(2)

7.3 Time-resolved experiments

263

(17)

7.3.1 Photon echo modulation

263

(3)

7.3.2 Coherent Raman beats

266

(3)

7.3.3 Time-domain spectroscopy

269

(10)

7.3.4 Examples

279

(1)

8 Sublevel dynamics

280

(34)

8.1 Experimental arrangement

280

(6)

8.1.1 General considerations

280

(2)

8.1.2 Setup

282

(2)

8.1.3 Historical overview

284

(1)

8.1.4 Phenomenology

285

(1)

8.2 Spin nutation

286

(5)

8.2.1 Signal

286

(2)

8.2.2 Experimental control

288

(3)

8.3 Free induction decay

291

(5)

8.3.1 Theory

291

(3)

8.3.2 Experimental control

294

(2)

8.4 Spin echoes

296

(7)

8.4.1 Introduction

296

(2)

8.4.2 Mechanism

298

(2)

8.4.3 Control parameters

300

(3)

8.5 Modulated excitation

303

(5)

8.5.1 Laboratory-frame detection

303

(2)

8.5.2 Phase-sensitive detection

305

(2)

8.5.3 Frequency-domain experiments

307

(1)

8.6 Time-domain spectroscopy

308

(6)

8.6.1 Example

308

(2)

8.6.2 Microscopic analysis

310

(2)

8.6.3 Possible extensions

312

(2)

9 Two-dimensional spectroscopy

314

(40)

9.1 Fundamentals

314

(10)

9.1.1 Motivation and principle

314

(2)

9.1.2 Theoretical analysis

316

(5)

9.1.3 Coherence transfer echoes

321

(1)

9.1.4 Possible applications

322

(2)

9.2 Coherence transfer

324

(12)

9.2.1 Introduction

324

(1)

9.2.2 Example

325

(3)

9.2.3 System and Hamiltonian

328

(2)

9.2.4 Light-induced dynamics

330

(2)

9.2.5 Signal

332

(4)

9.3 "Forbidden" multipoles

336

(18)

9.3.1 Observables

336

(3)

9.3.2 Rotations

339

(7)

9.3.3 Separation of multipole orders

346

(3)

9.3.4 Coherence transfer echoes

349

(5)

10 Nonlinear dynamics

354

(31)

10.1 Overview

354

(7)

10.1.1 Resonant vapours as optically nonlinear media

354

(3)

10.1.2 Wave mixing

357

(2)

10.1.3 Coupled absorption

359

(2)

10.2 Nonlinear propagation: self-focusing

361

(13)

10.2.1 Light-induced waveguides

361

(5)

10.2.2 Self-focusing

366

(3)

10.2.3 Experimental observation

369

(3)

10.2.4 Other structures

372

(2)

10.3 Temporal instabilities

374

(11)

10.3.1 Feedback

374

(2)

10.3.2 Evolution

376

(4)

10.3.3 Limit cycles

380

(2)

10.3.4 Chaos

382

(3)

11 Mechanical effects of light

385

(38)

11.1 Light-induced forces

385

(4)

11.1.1 Momentum conservation

386

(2)

11.1.2 Optical potential

388

(1)

11.2 Spontaneous forces

389

(10)

11.2.1 Scattering force

389

(3)

11.2.2 Doppler cooling

392

(3)

11.2.3 Velocity diffusion

395

(2)

11.2.4 Doppler limit

397

(2)

11.3 Stimulated forces

399

(10)

11.3.1 Gradient force

399

(3)

11.3.2 Applications

402

(4)

11.3.3 Rectified dipole force

406

(3)

11.4 Forces on multilevel atoms

409

(14)

11.4.1 Multilevel effects

409

(3)

11.4.2 Magnetooptic traps

412

(3)

11.4.3 Sisyphus cooling

415

(2)

11.4.4 Stimulated magnetooptic force

417

(2)

11.4.5 Raman transitions

419

(4)

References

423

(26)

Index

449

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The Physics of Laser-Atom Interactions

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials