Physics Principles with Applications

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ISBN: 9780136119715 | 0136119719
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 8/15/1997

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This best-selling algebra-based physics book has been widely known for its carefully crafted exposition, strong biological applications, and high degree of accuracy and precision. The Fifth Edition maintains these strengths and brings a conceptual emphasis and real-world flavor to the examples, problems, and art program. In addition, the new edition features an unparalleled suite of media and on-line resources to enhance the physics classroom. For readers with an algebra-based physics background.

Preface

xii

Notes to Student and Instructors on the Format

xxii

Introduction

(18)

Science and creativity

(2)

Physics and its relation to other fields

(1)

Models, theories, and laws

(1)

Measurement and uncertainty

(2)

Units, standards, and the SI system

(3)

Converting units

(1)

Order of magnitude: rapid estimating

(3)

Mathematics in physics

(4)

Summary

(1)

Questions

(1)

Problems

(1)

General Problems

(2)

Describing Motion: Kinematics in One Dimension

(29)

Reference frames and displacement

(1)

Average velocity

(2)

Instantaneous velocity

(1)

Acceleration

(2)

Motion at constant acceleration

(3)

Solving problems

(3)

Problems solving

(3)

Falling objects

(16)

Graphical analysis of linear motion

(3)

Summary

(1)

Questions

(1)

Problems

(4)

General Problems

(2)

Kinematics in Two Dimensions; Vectors

(29)

Vectors and scalars

(1)

Addition of vectors---graphical methods

(2)

Subtraction of vectors, and multiplication of a vector by a scalar

(1)

Adding vectors by components

(5)

Problem solving: adding vectors

(1)

Projectile motion

(3)

Solving problems involving projectile motion

(6)

Problem solving: projectile motion

(6)

Projectile motion is parabolic

(1)

Relative velocity

(11)

Summary

(1)

Questions

(1)

Problems

(5)

General Problems

(2)

Motion and force: Dynamics

(35)

Force

(1)

Newton's first law of motion

(2)

Mass

(1)

Newton's second law of motion

(3)

Newton's third law of motion

(4)

Weight---the force of gravity; and the normal force

(2)

Solving problems with Newton's laws: vector forces and free-body diagrams

(7)

Problem solving: Newton's laws; Free-body diagrams

(5)

Applications involving friction, inclines

(6)

Problem solving---A general approach

102

(10)

Problem solving: in general

102

(1)

Summary

103

(1)

Questions

103

(1)

Problems

104

(6)

General Problems

110

(2)

Circular Motion; Gravitation

112

(33)

Kinematics of uniform circular motion

112

(3)

Dynamics of uniform circular motion

115

(4)

A car rounding a curve

119

(3)

Nonuniform circular motion

122

(1)

Centrifugation

123

(1)

Newton's law of universal gravitation

124

(3)

Gravity near the Earth's surface; geophysical applications

127

(2)

Statellites and ``weightlessness''

129

(4)

Kepler's laws and Newton's synthesis

133

(4)

Types of forces in nature

137

(8)

Problem solving: uniform circular motion and gravity

137

(1)

Summary

138

(1)

Questions

138

(1)

Problems

139

(4)

General Problems

143

(2)

Work and Energy

145

(35)

Work done by a constant force

146

(4)

Problem solving: work

149

(1)

Work done by a varying force

150

(1)

Kinetic energy, and the work-energy principle

150

(3)

Potential energy

153

(4)

Conservative and nonconservative forces

157

(1)

Mechanical energy and its conservation

158

(1)

Problem solving using conservation of mechanical energy

159

(7)

Other forms of energy; energy transformations and the law of conservation of energy

166

(1)

Energy conservation with dissipative forces: solving problems

167

(2)

Problems solving: conservation of energy

169

(1)

Power

169

(11)

Summary

172

(1)

Questions

172

(2)

Problems

174

(4)

General Problems

178

(2)

Linear Momentum

180

(29)

Momentum and its relation to force

180

(2)

Conservation of momentum

182

(3)

Collision and impulse

185

(2)

Conservation of energy and momentum in collisions

187

(1)

Elastic collisions in one dimension---solving problems using energy and momentum conservation

188

(2)

Inelastic collisions

190

(2)

Collisions in two or three dimensions

192

(2)

Problem solving: momentum conservation and collisions

194

(1)

Center of mass (CM)

194

(3)

CM for the human body

197

(2)

Center of mass and translationl motion

199

(10)

Summary

201

(1)

Questions

201

(1)

Problems

202

(5)

General Problems

207

(2)

Rotational Motion

209

(32)

Angular quantities

209

(5)

Kinematic equations for uniformly accelerated rotational motion

214

(1)

Rolling motion

215

(2)

Torque

217

(3)

Rotational dynamics; torque and rotational inertia

220

(2)

Solving problems in rotational dynamics

222

(3)

Problem solving: rotational motion

223

(2)

Rotational kinetic energy

225

(3)

Angular momentum and its conservation

228

(2)

Vector nature of angular quantities

230

(11)

Summary

232

(1)

Questions

233

(1)

Problems

234

(5)

General Problems

239

(2)

Bodies in Equilibrium; Elasticity and Fracture

241

(34)

Statics-the study of forces in equilibrium

241

(2)

The conditions for equilibrium

243

(2)

Solving statics problems

245

(5)

Problem solving: statics

245

(5)

Applications to muscles and joints

250

(2)

Stability and balance

252

(1)

Elasticity; stress and strain

253

(5)

Fracture

258

(3)

Spanning a space: arches and domes

261

(14)

Summary

264

(1)

Questions

265

(1)

Problems

266

(6)

General Problems

272

(3)

Fluids

275

(34)

Density and specific gravity

275

(1)

Pressure in fluids

276

(2)

Atomospheric pressure and gauge pressure

278

(1)

Pascal's principle

279

(1)

Measurement of pressure; gauges and the barometer

280

(2)

Buoyancy and Archiemedes' principle

282

(5)

Fluids in motion; flow rate and the equation of continuity

287

(2)

Bernoulli's equation

289

(2)

Applications of Bernoulli's principle: from Torricelli to sailboards, airfoils, and TIA

291

(3)

Viscosity

294

(1)

Flow in tubes: Poiseuille's equation, blood flow

295

(1)

Surface tension and capillarity

296

(4)

Pumps; the heart and blood pressure

300

(9)

Summary

302

(1)

Questions

302

(2)

Problems

304

(3)

General Problems

307

(2)

Vibrations and Waves

309

(38)

Simple harmonic motion

309

(3)

Energy in the simple harmonic oscillator

312

(2)

The period and sinusoidal nature of SHM

314

(5)

The simple pendulum

319

(1)

Damped harmonic motion

320

(1)

Forced vibrations; resonance

321

(1)

Wave motion

322

(4)

Types of waves: transverse and longitudinal

326

(3)

Energy transported by waves

329

(1)

Intensity related to amplitude and frequency

330

(1)

Reflection and interference of waves

331

(3)

Standing waves; resonance

334

(3)

Refraction and diffraction

337

(10)

Summary

340

(1)

Questions

341

(1)

Problems

342

(3)

General Problems

345

(2)

Sound

347

(34)

Characteristics of sound

347

(3)

Intensity of sound: decibels

350

(2)

Amplitude related to intensity

352

(1)

The ear and its response; loudness

353

(2)

Sources of sound: vibrating strings and air columns

355

(6)

Quality of sound, and noise

361

(1)

Interface of sound waves: beats

362

(3)

Doppler effect

365

(4)

Shock waves and the sonic boom

369

(1)

Applications; ultrasound and medical imaging

370

(11)

Summary

374

(1)

Questions

375

(1)

Problems

376

(3)

General Problems

379

(2)

Temperature and Kinetic Theory

381

(36)

Atomic theory of matter

381

(3)

Temperature and thermometers

384

(3)

Thermal equilibrium and the zeroth law of thermodynamics

387

(1)

Thermal expansion

388

(2)

Anomalous behavior of water below 4C

390

(1)

Thermal stresses

391

(1)

The gas laws and absolute temperature

392

(2)

The ideal gas law

394

(2)

Problem solving with the ideal gas law

396

(1)

Ideal gas law in terms of molecules: Avogadro's number

397

(2)

Kinetic theory and the molecular interpretation of temperature

399

(3)

Distribution of molecular speeds

402

(1)

Real gases and changes of phase

403

(2)

Vapor pressure and humidity

405

(3)

Diffusion

408

(9)

Summary

411

(1)

Questions

411

(1)

Problems

412

(4)

General Problems

416

(1)

Heat

417

(26)

Heat as energy transfer

417

(2)

Distinction between temperature, heat, and internal energy

419

(1)

Internal energy of an ideal gas

420

(1)

Specific heat

420

(2)

Calorimetry---solving problems

422

(2)

Latent heat

424

(4)

Problem solving: calorimetry

427

(1)

Heat transfer: conduction

428

(3)

Heat transfer: convection

431

(2)

Heat transfer: radition

433

(10)

Summary

437

(1)

Questions

438

(1)

Problems

439

(2)

General Problems

441

(2)

The Laws of Thermodynamics

443

(33)

The first law of thermodynamics

444

(1)

First law of thermodynamics applied to some simple systems

445

(4)

Human metabolism and the first law

449

(1)

The second law of thermodynamics---introduction

450

(1)

Heat engines

451

(5)

Refrigerators, air conditioners, and heat pumps

456

(2)

Entropy and the second law of thermodynamics

458

(2)

Order to disorder

460

(1)

Unavailability of energy; heat death

461

(1)

Evolution and growth; ``Time's arrow''

462

(1)

Statistical interpretation of entropy and the second law

463

(1)

Energy resources: thermal pollution

464

(12)

Problem solving: thermodynamics

470

(1)

Summary

470

(1)

Questions

471

(1)

Problems

471

(3)

General Problems

474

(2)

Electric Charge and Electric Field

476

(26)

Static electricity; electric charge and its conservation

477

(1)

Electric charge in the atom

478

(1)

Insulators and conductors

479

(1)

Induced charge; the elctroscope

479

(2)

Coulomb's law

481

(2)

Solving problems involving Coulomb's law and vectors

483

(3)

The electric field

486

(4)

Problem solving: electrostatics

490

(1)

Field lines

490

(2)

Electric fields and conductors

492

(1)

Electric Forces in molecular biology: DNA structure and replication

493

(9)

Summary

496

(1)

Questions

496

(1)

Problems

497

(2)

General Problems

499

(3)

Electric Potential and Electric Energy; Capacitance

502

(25)

Electric potential and potential difference

502

(4)

Relation between electric potential and electric field

506

(1)

Equipotential lines

507

(1)

The electron volt, a unit of energy

508

(1)

Electric potential due to point charges

509

(2)

Electric dipoles

511

(2)

Capacitance

513

(1)

Dielectrics

514

(2)

Storage of electric energy

516

(2)

Cathode ray tube: TV and computer monitors, oscilloscope

518

(2)

The electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)

520

(7)

Summary

521

(1)

Questions

522

(1)

Problems

522

(3)

General Problems

525

(2)

Electric Currents

527

(28)

The electric battery

528

(2)

Electric current

530

(2)

Ohm's law: resistance and resistors

532

(2)

Resistivity

534

(3)

Superconductivity

537

(1)

Electric power

538

(2)

Power in household circuits

540

(1)

Alternating current

541

(3)

Microscopic view of electric current

544

(2)

The nervous system and nerve conduction

546

(9)

Summary

549

(1)

Questions

550

(1)

Problems

551

(2)

General Problems

553

(2)

DC Circuits

555

(33)

Resistors in series and in parallel

556

(6)

EMF and terminal voltage

562

(2)

Kirchhoff's rules

564

(2)

Solving problems with Kirchhoff's rules

566

(2)

Problem solving: Kirchhoff's rules

567

(1)

EMFs in series and in parallel; charging a battery

568

(1)

Circuits containing capacitors in series and in parallel

568

(2)

Circuits containing a resistor and a capacitor

570

(2)

Heart pacemakers

572

(1)

Electric hazards; leakage currents

573

(2)

DC ammeters and voltmeters

575

(3)

Effects of meter resistance

578

(10)

Summary

579

(1)

Questions

579

(2)

Problems

581

(4)

General Problems

585

(3)

Magnetism

588

(34)

Magnets and magnetic fields

588

(3)

Electric currents produce magnetism

591

(1)

Force on an electric current in a magnetic field; definition of B

592

(2)

Force on an electric charge moving in a magnetic field

594

(3)

Magnetic field due to a straight wire

597

(1)

Force between two parallel wires

597

(2)

Definition of the ampere and the coulomb

599

(1)

Ampere's law

599

(4)

Torque on a current loop; magnetic moment

603

(1)

Applications: galvanometers, motors, loudspeakers

604

(2)

The Hall effect

606

(1)

Mass spectrometer

607

(1)

Ferromagnetism; domains

608

(2)

Electromagnets and solenoids

610

(1)

Magnetic fields in magnetic materials; hystersis

611

(11)

Problem solving: magnetic fields

613

(1)

Summary

614

(1)

Questions

614

(1)

Problems

615

(5)

General Problems

620

(2)

Electromagnetic Induction and Fraday's Law; AC Circuits

622

(38)

Induced EMF

622

(2)

Faraday's law of induction; Lenz's law

624

(3)

EMF induced in a moving conductor

627

(1)

Changing magnetic flux produces an electric field

628

(1)

Electric generators

629

(2)

Counter EMF and torque; eddy currents

631

(2)

Transformers; transmission of power

633

(4)

Applications of induction: magnetic microphone, tape recording, computer memory, and the seismograph

637

(1)

Inductance

638

(2)

Energy stored in a magnetic field

640

(1)

LR circuit

641

(1)

AC circuits and impedance

642

(4)

LRC series AC circuit; problem solving

646

(3)

Resonance in AC circuits; oscillators

649

(1)

Impedance matching

650

(10)

Summary

652

(1)

Questions

652

(2)

Problems

654

(4)

General Problems

658

(2)

Electromagnetic Waves

660

(23)

Changing electric fields produce magnetic fields; Maxwell's equations

661

(1)

Maxwell's fourth equation; displacement current

662

(2)

Production of electromagnetic waves

664

(2)

Calculation of the speed of electromagnetic waves

666

(3)

Light as an electromagnetic wave and the electromagnetic spectrum

669

(3)

Measuring the speed of light

672

(1)

Energy in EM waves

673

(3)

Radio and television

676

(7)

Summary

679

(1)

Questions

680

(1)

Problems

680

(2)

General Problems

682

(1)

Light: Geometric Optics

683

(40)

The ray model of light

683

(1)

Reflection; image formation by a plane mirror

684

(4)

Formation of images by spherical mirrors

688

(8)

Problem solving: spherical mirrors

695

(1)

Index of refraction

696

(1)

Refraction: Snell's law

696

(3)

Total internal reflection; fiber optics

699

(3)

Thin lenses; ray tracing

702

(4)

The lens equation

706

(1)

Problem solving for lenses

707

(1)

Problem solving: thin lenses

707

(2)

Problem solving for combinations of lenses

709

(2)

The lensmaker's equation

711

(12)

Summary

715

(1)

Questions

716

(1)

Problems

717

(4)

General Problems

721

(2)

The Wave Nature of Light

723

(34)

Waves versus particles; Huygens' principle and diffraction

724

(1)

Huygens' principle and the law of refraction

725

(2)

Interference---Young's double-slit experiment

727

(4)

The visible spectrum and dispersion

731

(1)

Diffraction by a single slit or disk

732

(3)

Diffraction grating

735

(3)

The spectrometer and spectroscopy

738

(1)

Interference by thin films

739

(4)

Michelson interferometer

743

(1)

Polarization

744

(5)

Scattering of light by the atmosphere

749

(8)

Problem solving: interference

750

(1)

Summary

751

(1)

Questions

752

(1)

Problems

752

(3)

General Problems

755

(2)

Optical Instruments

757

(35)

The camera

757

(4)

The human eye; corrective lenses

761

(4)

The magnifying glass

765

(2)

Telescopes

767

(3)

Compound microscope

770

(2)

Aberrations of lenses and mirrors

772

(2)

Limits of resolution; the Rayleigh criterion

774

(3)

Resolution of telescopes and microscopes

777

(2)

Resolution of the human eye and useful magnification

779

(1)

Specialty microscopes and contrast

779

(3)

X-rays and X-ray diffraction

782

(2)

X-ray imaging and computerized axial tomography (CAT scan)

784

(8)

Summary

787

(1)

Questions

788

(1)

Problems

788

(3)

General Problems

791

(1)

Special Theory of Relativity

792

(31)

Galilean-Newtonian relativity

793

(3)

The Michelson-Morley experiment

796

(3)

Postulates of the special theory of relativity

799

(2)

Simultaneity

801

(2)

Time dilation and the twin paradox

803

(5)

Length contraction

808

(2)

Four-dimensional space-time

810

(1)

Momentum and mass

811

(1)

The ultimate speed

812

(1)

E=mc2; mass and energy

813

(3)

Relativistic addition of velocities

816

(1)

The impact of special relativity

817

(6)

Summary

818

(1)

Questions

818

(1)

Problems

819

(2)

General Problems

821

(2)

Early Quantum Theory and Models of the Atom

823

(36)

Discovery and properties of the electron

823

(3)

Planck's quantum hypothesis

826

(3)

Photon theory of light and the photoelectric effect

829

(4)

Photon interactions; Compton effect and pair production

833

(2)

Wave-particle duality; the principle of complementarity

835

(1)

Wave nature of matter

836

(2)

Electron microscopes

838

(2)

Early models of the atom

840

(1)

Atomic spectra: key to the structure of the atom

841

(3)

The Bohr model

844

(7)

de Broglie's hypothesis applied to atoms

851

(8)

Summary

852

(1)

Questions

853

(1)

Problems

854

(3)

General Problems

857

(2)

Quantum Mechanics of Atoms

859

(28)

Quantum mechanics---a new theory

860

(1)

The wave function and its interpretation; the double-slit experiment

861

(2)

The Heisenberg uncertainty principle

863

(4)

Philosophic implications; probability versus determinism

867

(1)

Quantum-mechanical view of atoms

868

(1)

Quantum mechanics of the hydrogen atom; quantum numbers

869

(3)

Complex atoms; the exclusion principle

872

(2)

The periodic table of elements

874

(1)

X-ray spectra and atomic number

875

(3)

Fluorescence and phosphorescence

878

(1)

Lasers

878

(4)

Holography

882

(5)

Summary

883

(1)

Questions

884

(1)

Problems

884

(2)

General Problems

886

(1)

Molecules and Solids

887

(29)

Bonding in molecules

887

(3)

Potential-energy diagrams for molecules

890

(2)

Weak (van der Waals) bonds

892

(3)

Molecular spectra

895

(6)

Bonding in solids

901

(1)

Band theory of solids

902

(3)

Semiconductors and doping

905

(2)

Semiconductor diodes

907

(2)

Transistors and integrated circuits

909

(7)

Summary

911

(1)

Questions

912

(1)

Problems

912

(2)

General Problems

914

(2)

Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity

916

(27)

Structure and properties of the nucleus

916

(3)

Binding energy and nuclear forces

919

(3)

Radioactivity

922

(1)

Alpha decay

923

(2)

Beta decay

925

(2)

Gamma decay

927

(1)

Conservation of nucleon number and other conservation laws

928

(1)

Half-life and rate of decay

928

(2)

Calculations involving decay rates and half-life

930

(2)

Decay series

932

(2)

Radioactive dating

934

(2)

Stability and tunneling

936

(1)

Detection of radiation

937

(6)

Summary

939

(1)

Questions

939

(1)

Problems

940

(2)

General Problems

942

(1)

Nuclear Energy; Effects and Uses of Radiation

943

(30)

Nuclear reactions and the transmutaton of elements

943

(4)

Nuclear fission; nuclear reactors

947

(6)

Fusion

953

(5)

Passage of radiation through matter; radiation damage

958

(1)

Measurement of radiation---dosimetry

959

(4)

Radiation therapy

963

(1)

Tracers and imaging in research and medicine

963

(2)

Emission topography

965

(7)

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

972

(1)

Summary

968

(1)

Questions

969

(1)

Problems

970

(2)

General Problems

972

(1)

Elementary Particles

973

(26)

High-energy particles

974

(1)

Particle accelerators

975

(4)

Beginnings of elementary particle physics---the Yukawa particle

979

(4)

Particles and antiparticles

983

(1)

Particle interactions and conservation laws

983

(1)

Particle classification

984

(2)

Particle stability and resonances

986

(1)

Strange particles

987

(1)

Quarks

988

(3)

The ``standard model'': quantum chromodynamics (QCD) and the electroweak theory

991

(2)

Grand unified theories

993

(6)

Summary

995

(1)

Questions

996

(1)

Problems

996

(2)

General Problems

998

(1)

Astrophysics and Cosmology

999

(37)

Stars and galaxies

1000

(5)

Stellar evolution: the birth and death of stars

1005

(7)

General relativity: gravity and the curvature of space

1012

(5)

The expanding universe

1017

(4)

The big bang and the cosmic microwave background

1021

(2)

The standard consmological model: the early history of the universe

1023

(4)

The future of the universe?

1027

(9)

Summary

1031

(1)

Questions

1032

(1)

Problems

1033

(1)

General Problems

1034

(2)

APPENDIX A Mathematical Review

1036

(12)

Relationships, proportionality, and equations

1036

(1)

Exponents

1037

(1)

Powers of 10, or exponential notation

1038

(1)

Algebra

1039

(4)

The binomal expansion

1043

(1)

Plane geometry

1043

(1)

Areas and volumes

1044

(1)

Trigonometric functions and identities

1045

(1)

Logarithms

1046

(2)

APPENDIX B Dimensional Analysis

1048

(3)

APPENDIX C Rotating Frames of Reference; Inertial Forces; Coriolis Effect

1051

(4)

APPENDIX D Gauss's Law

1055

(5)

APPENDIX E Galilean and Lorentz Transformations

1060

(4)

APPENDIX F Selected Isotopes

1064

(4)

Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems

1068

(13)

Index

1081

(14)

Photo Credits

1095

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Physics Principles with Applications

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials