Phytochemicals As Bioactive Agents

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ISBN: 9781566767880 | 1566767881
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 3/16/2000

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Phytochemicals as Bioactive Agents focuses on the mechanisms of action of phytochemicals identified as displaying bioactivity in the prevention of cancer, heart disease and other diseases, and the prospects for developing functional foods containing these bioactive compounds. Topics include the antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic effects of tea and tea constituents; chemoprevention provided by plants in the family Cruciferae and genus Allium by altering carcinogen metabolism; anticarcinogenic effects of carotenoids and curcumins; the chemistry and application of alfalfa saponins; the bioactive components of rice bran and rice oil; the effects of garlic on lowering serum cholesterol; and using phytochemicals to optimize gastrointestinal tract health and function.

Preface

Acknowledgements

List of Contributors

xvii

Strategies for the Discovery of Bioactive Phytochemicals

(20)

Stephen O. Duke

Agnes M. Rimando

Franck E. Dayan

Camilo Canel

David E. Wedge

Mario R. Tellez

Kevin K. Schrader

Leslie A. Weston

Troy J. Smillie

Rex N. Paul

Mary V. Duke

Introduction

(1)

Strategies for Choosing a Plant Species or Plant Tissue

(6)

Tools for Determination of Active Compounds from a Plant

(7)

Conclusions

(1)

References

(5)

QSAR and Molecular Modeling of Bioactive Phyto-Phenolics

(22)

Eric J. Lien

Shijun Ren

Introduction

(2)

Lignans and Tannins as Antiviral and Anti-Tumor Agents

(2)

Isoflavonoids as Phytoestrogens and Flavonoids as Antiestrogens

(1)

Antioxidant Phenolics---Physicochemical Properties

(2)

QSAR Analysis of the Antioxidant Activities of Vitamin E Analogs

(3)

Curcumin and Related Compounds as Blockers of Signal Transduction in Inhibition of Tumor Promotion

(7)

Conclusion

(1)

Acknowledgement

(1)

References

(5)

Chemoprevention by Phytochemical Modifiers of Carcinogen Metabolism

(32)

Stephen S. Hecht

Introduction

(1)

Isothiocyanates and Glucosinolates

(1)

Inhibition of Carcinogenesis By Isothiocyanates, Glucosinolates, and Cruciferous Vegetables

(9)

Indole-3-Carbinol

(4)

Thiols of Allium Plants

(5)

Conclusions

(1)

Acknowledgements

(1)

References

(11)

Clinical Trial Design for Evaluating Phytochemical Bioactivity

(12)

Kevin C. Maki

Introduction

(1)

Clinical Trial: A Definition

(1)

Fundamental Principles

(1)

Regulatory Issues

(1)

Setting

(1)

The Clinical Trial Protocol

(1)

Outcome Variables

(1)

Study Design

(1)

Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

(2)

Blinding and Controls

(1)

Special Considerations for Investigations of Phytochemicals in Foods

(1)

Sample Size and Power

(1)

Budget

(1)

Seek Expert Advice

(1)

Publications

(1)

Summary

(1)

References

(1)

The Use of Fermentable Fibers to Manage the Gastrointestinal Ecosystem

(18)

Randal K. Buddington

The Gastrointestinal Tract is an Ecosystem

(1)

Components of the GIT Ecosystem

(2)

Gastrointestinal Functions

(1)

Management Tools

(2)

Fermentable Fibers

(2)

Managing the Mature GIT

(1)

Managing the Developing GIT

(2)

Managing the Senescent GIT

(1)

Managing Recovery of the GIT

(1)

Perspectives

(1)

References

(7)

Phytoantimicrobial (PAM) Agents as Multifunctional Food Additives

105

(26)

A.S. Naidu

Introduction

105

(1)

PAM from Oils

106

(2)

PAM from Spices

108

(2)

PAM from Fruit and Vegetables

110

(1)

PAM from Herbs

111

(4)

PAM---Thiosulfinates from Garlic

115

(5)

PAM---Polyphenols from Tea

120

(4)

Conclusions

124

(1)

References

124

(7)

The Protective Effect of Tea on Cancer: Human Evidence

131

(20)

Junshi Chen

Chi Han

Introduction

131

(1)

The Chemistry of Tea

132

(1)

Laboratory Studies on the Preventive Effects of Tea on Cell Mutation

133

(2)

Laboratory Studies on the Inhibition of Tumorigenesis and Carcinogenesis

135

(2)

Suggested Mechanisms for Inhibition of Tumorigenesis and Carcinogenesis by Tea Phytochemicals

137

(1)

Epidemiological Evidence

138

(1)

Clinical Intervention Trials

139

(7)

Conclusions

146

(1)

References

147

(4)

Effect of Genistein on Growth of Human Breast Cancer cells in Vitro and in Vivo

151

(10)

William Helferich

Introduction

151

(1)

Anti-Proliferative Effects of Genistein

152

(1)

Estrogenic Activity of Genistein

153

(2)

Genistein, Estrogen, and Breast Cancer---An Issue of Dosage and Timing

155

(3)

Conclusions and Future Research

158

(1)

References

158

(3)

Cancer Prevention by Carotenoids and Curcumin

161

(6)

Hoyoku Nishino

Harukuni Tokuda

Michiaki Murakoshi

Yoshiko Satomi

Hirohiko Matsumoto

Mitsuharu Masuda

Ping Bu

Mari Onozuka

Shino Yamaguchi

Yoko Okuda

Junko Takayasu

Atsuko Nishino

Jun Tsuruta

Masato Okuda

Ellchiro Ichiishi

Kazuto Nosaka

Takao Konoshima

Toshimitsu Kato

Zohar Nir

Frederik Khachik

Norihiko Misawa

Tomio Narisawa

Nobuo Takasuka

Introduction

161

(1)

Anti-Carcinogenic Activity of Natural Carotenoids

162

(2)

Anti-Carcinogenic Activity of Curcumin

164

(1)

Conclusion

165

(1)

Acknowledgements

165

(1)

References

165

(2)

Alfalfa Saponins: Chemistry and Application

167

(22)

Wieslaw A. Oleszek

Introduction

167

(2)

Aglycones of Alfalfa Saponin

169

(1)

Root Saponins

170

(3)

Seed Saponins

173

(2)

Saponins from Alfalfa Seedlings

175

(1)

Alfalfa Aerial Parts

176

(5)

Biological Activity of Alfalfa Saponins

181

(4)

Conclusions

185

(1)

References

185

(4)

Saw Palmetto: Critical Review, Chemistry, and Application

189

(10)

Paul Bubrick

Paul Johnson

Kerry Stonebrook

Introduction

189

(1)

Treatment Strategies

190

(1)

BPH Can Be Treated With Extracts of Saw Palmetto

191

(1)

The Active Components of Saw Palmetto are not Fully Elucidated

192

(1)

Continued Phytochemical Research on Saw Palmetto

193

(2)

Conclusion

195

(1)

Acknowledgements

195

(1)

References

196

(3)

Effect of Garlic on Serum Cholesterol Levels

199

(14)

Christopher D. Gardner

Lorraine Chatterjee

Joseph Carlson

Introduction

199

(1)

Garlic Formulations and Compounds

199

(1)

Mechanistic and Animal Studies

200

(1)

Clinical Trials

201

(7)

Discussion and Conclusions

208

(2)

Implications

210

(1)

References

211

(2)

Bioactives in Rice Bran and Rice Bran Oil

213

(28)

Rukmini Cheruvanky

Introduction

213

(1)

Defining Rice Bran

214

(1)

The Need for Stabilization

215

(1)

Criteria for Stabilization of Rice Bran

215

(2)

Fiber Fractions

217

(5)

Antioxidant Effect

222

(1)

Inhibition of Phase 1 Enzymes

222

(1)

Enhancement of Phase 2 Microsomal Enzymes

223

(1)

Competion with Active Binding Sites

223

(1)

Competitive Inhibitors

223

(1)

Cell Regulation and Transcellular Signaling

224

(1)

Physiological Significance of Major Bioactives in Rice Bran

225

(4)

Health Effects of Stabilized Rice Bran and Its Products

229

(6)

Conclusion

235

(1)

References

236

(5)

Designing Functional Foods to Enhance Health

241

(30)

Wayne R. Bidlack

Wei Wang

Introduction

241

(3)

New Health Paradigm

244

(1)

Functional Foods

245

(1)

Bioactive Phytochemicals

246

(3)

Regulatory Issues

249

(8)

Safety Issues

257

(3)

Designing Functional Foods

260

(3)

Opportunity for Development

263

(2)

Conclusions

265

(1)

References

266

(5)

Index

271

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Phytochemicals As Bioactive Agents

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials