Plant-Environment Interactions, Third Edition

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ISBN: 9780849337277 | 0849337275
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 5/1/2006

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With contributions from experts in various specialties, Plant-Environment Interactions discusses recent advances in cellular and molecular regulation of stress tolerance. This third edition reviews new research in stress signal perception, cellular mechanisms, and genetic manipulation of stress tolerance for each individual stress. It addresses how to evaluate the level of plant tolerance to stress as well as how to link mechanisms identified through analysis of plant-environment interaction to producing stress-tolerant germplasm through biotechnology and traditional breeding. It also examines environmental stresses limiting plant productivity in agriculture, horticulture, and forestry.

Cellular Membranes in Stress Sensing and Regulation of Plant Adaptation to Abiotic Stresses

(26)

Bingru Huang

Introduction

(1)

Membrane Structure and Composition

(1)

Membrane Lipids and Plant Adaptation to High and Low Temperatures

(8)

Changes in Membrane Structure and Lipid Properties in Response to Temperature Changes

(1)

Heat Stress

(3)

Low Temperature

(1)

Lipid Metabolism and Temperature Stress Tolerance

(1)

Regulation of Lipid Saturation or Unsaturation in Temperature Stress Adaptation

(2)

Membrane Sensing and Signaling of Temperature Stress

(1)

Membrane Lipids and Plant Adaptation to Drought Stress

(2)

Composition and Saturation of Membrane Lipids in Relation to Drought Tolerance

(1)

Lipid Metabolism and Drought Stress Signaling

(1)

Membrane Lipids and Plant Adaptation to Salinity Stress

(3)

Change in Membrane Lipids during Salinity Stress

(2)

Lipid Metabolism in Response to Salinity Stress

(1)

Major Cellular Processes Associated with Membrane Damages during Abiotic Stresses

(1)

Future Research Perspectives

(10)

References

(9)

Changes in Cellular and Molecular Processes in Plant Adaptation to Heat Stress

(20)

John J. Burke

Junping Chen

Introduction

(2)

Heat Tolerance during Seed Germination and Stand Establishment

(3)

Developmentally Regulated Protein Changes

(2)

Metabolite Adjustment

(1)

Inducible Processes Associated with Heat Tolerance

(3)

Heat Tolerance during Reproductive and Vegetative Stages

(5)

Reproductive Heat Responses

(3)

Vegetative Heat Responses

(2)

Concluding Remarks

(7)

References

(6)

Molecular Responses and Mechanisms of Plant Adaptation to Cold and Freezing Stress

(22)

C.B. Rajashekar

Introduction

(1)

Cold Signal Transduction

(2)

Is Water Stress an Integral Part of Cold Acclimation?

(2)

Cold-Responsive Genes

(3)

Functions of COR Proteins and Osmolytes

(1)

Membranes and Phospholipase D

(3)

Bioengineering Plants for Freezing Tolerance

(2)

Summary

(8)

References

(7)

Photoacclimation: Physiological and Molecular Responses to Changes in Light Environments

(32)

Penny L. Humby

Dion G. Durnford

Introduction

(2)

Short-Term Cellular and Chloroplast Responses

(5)

Energy Dissipation/Quenching

(2)

Thermal Dissipation

(1)

State Transitions

(1)

Photoinhibition

(1)

Long-Term Responses

(6)

Metabolism

(1)

Developmental Attributes

(2)

PSI/PSII Stoichiometry

(1)

Light-Harvesting Antennae

(1)

LHC Regulation

(1)

Chloroplast to Nucleus Signal Transduction

(5)

Feedback from the Tetrapyrrole Biosynthetic Pathway

(1)

Plastid Redox Status

(1)

Plastoquinone (PQ) Pool

(1)

Sugars

(1)

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

(1)

Photoreceptors

(1)

Final Thoughts

(13)

References

(13)

Molecular Mechanisms in Hormonal Regulation of Drought Tolerance

101

(20)

Yajun Wu

Jenny Ballif

Bingru Huang

Introduction

101

(1)

The Involvement of Hormones in Plant Detection of Water Stress

102

(1)

ABA as the Primary Chemical Signal from the Roots under Drought

103

(1)

Regulation of ABA Accumulation under Drought

103

(3)

ABA and Stomatal Closure during Drought

106

(3)

ABA Signaling in Nonguard Cells during Drought

109

(1)

ABA-Induced Gene Expression

110

(1)

ABA in Relation to Plant Growth under Drought

111

(2)

Concluding Remarks

113

(8)

Acknowledgment

114

(1)

References

114

(7)

Salinity Tolerance: Cellular Mechanisms and Gene Regulation

121

(56)

R.K. Sairam

Aruna Tyagi

Vishwanathan Chinnusamy

Introduction

122

(1)

Physiological Effects of Salinity

123

(5)

Plant Development

123

(2)

Photosynthesis

125

(1)

Effects of Salinity on Photosynthetic Pigments and Proteins

125

(1)

Effects of Salinity on Proteins

125

(1)

Mechanisms of Salinity Effects on Photosynthesis

126

(2)

Salt Response: A Multigenic Trait

128

(9)

Perception of Salt Stress

129

(1)

Second Messengers

130

(1)

Ion Homeostasis

131

(1)

Sodium Uptake

132

(1)

Sodium Efflux

133

(2)

Sodium Compartmentation

135

(1)

Sodium Transport from Shoot to Root

136

(1)

Salinity Damage and Repair

137

(9)

Polyamines

138

(1)

Osmoprotectants/Compatible Solutes

139

(3)

Metabolic Engineering of Osmoprotectants

142

(3)

Regulation of Osmoprotectant Metabolism

145

(1)

Salt-Induced Oxidative Stress

146

(3)

Genes Encoding Proteins Involved in Cellular Protection

149

(6)

LEA-Type Proteins

149

(2)

Transcriptional Regulation of Stress Genes

151

(1)

LEA/COR Genes

151

(1)

Calcium Sensor Proteins

151

(2)

Basic Lucine-Zipper Family Transcription Factors

153

(1)

MYB/MYC-Type Transcription Factors

153

(1)

C-Repeat Binding Proteins

154

(1)

Stress Signaling Pathways

155

(2)

Strategies to Improve Stress Tolerance

157

(1)

Conclusions and Prospects

158

(19)

References

159

(18)

Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Plant Tolerance to Waterlogging

177

(32)

B. Ricard

S. Aschi-Smiti

I. Gharbi

R. Brouquisse

Introduction

178

(1)

Stress Perception

178

(4)

Potential Environmental Signals

178

(1)

Possible Cellular Sensors of Oxygen

179

(1)

Mitochondria and Other ROS Producers

179

(1)

Phytohemoglobin

180

(1)

ATP and Metabolic Flux Sensors

180

(1)

pH Sensors

181

(1)

Second Messengers

182

(1)

Signal Transduction

182

(1)

Mechanisms of Waterlogging Tolerance

182

(12)

Morphology and Anatomy

183

(1)

Aerenchyma

183

(1)

Nodal or Adventitious Roots

184

(1)

Barriers to Radial Oxygen Loss

184

(1)

Metabolism

184

(1)

Growth Inhibition and Cell Death in O2-Limited Organs

184

(2)

Regulation of Anaerobic Cell Metabolism

186

(7)

Post-Anoxic Damage and Recovery

193

(1)

Genetic Manipulation of Tolerance to Waterlogging

194

(3)

Genetic Engineering

194

(1)

Transcription Factors

194

(1)

Fueling of Glycolysis

194

(1)

Fermentation Pathways

195

(1)

Hormone Levels

195

(1)

Phytohemoglobin

196

(1)

Protection against Post-Anoxic Injury

196

(1)

Production of Stress-Tolerant Germplasm

196

(1)

Evaluation of Plant Tolerance to Waterlogging

197

(3)

Summary and Prospects

200

(9)

References

200

(9)

Whole-Plant Adaptations to Low Phosphorus Availability

209

(34)

Jonathan P. Lynch

Kathleen Brown

Low Soil Phosphorus Availability is a Primary Constraint to Plant Productivity

210

(1)

Plant Adaptations to Low Phosphorus Availability

211

(20)

Growth Regulation

212

(1)

Soil Exploration

213

(1)

Topsoil Foraging

214

(1)

Reducing the Metabolic Costs of Soil Exploration

215

(3)

Aerenchyma Reduces Metabolic Costs of Soil Exploration

218

(3)

Root ``Etiolation''

221

(1)

Alternative Respiration

222

(1)

Root Turnover

223

(1)

Root Hairs

223

(2)

Phosphorus Mobilization

225

(1)

Cluster Roots

226

(1)

Microbial Symbioses

226

(1)

Phenology

227

(1)

Trait Interactions

228

(1)

Tradeoffs

229

(1)

Responses to Localized Availability of Phosphorus

230

(1)

Competition

231

(1)

Ecosystem Issues

232

(1)

Conclusions

233

(10)

References

234

(9)

Physiological Effects of Heavy Metals on Plant Growth and Function

243

(28)

M.S. Liphadzi

M.B. Kirkham

Introduction

243

(2)

Factors Affecting Heavy Metal Availability

245

(2)

Physiological Effects of Heavy Metals on Plants

247

(16)

Copper

247

(2)

Iron

249

(1)

Manganese

249

(2)

Molybdenum

251

(1)

Zinc

252

(1)

Cobalt

253

(2)

Nickel

255

(1)

Vanadium

256

(1)

Cadmium

257

(2)

Chromium

259

(1)

Lead

260

(2)

Mercury

262

(1)

Other Heavy Metals

263

(1)

Summary

263

(1)

Future Research Perspectives

264

(7)

References

265

(6)

Growth and Function of Roots under Abiotic Stress in Soils

271

(50)

Hong Wang

Akira Yamauchi

Introduction

271

(1)

Morphological Adaptation of Roots to Abiotic Stresses and Its Regulation

272

(10)

Drought

272

(2)

Soil Compaction

274

(1)

Waterlogging

275

(5)

Salinity

280

(2)

Physiological and Biochemical Adaptation of Roots to Abiotic Stresses and Its Regulation

282

(16)

Stress Signaling

282

(1)

Drought

282

(2)

Soil Compaction

284

(1)

Waterlogging

285

(2)

Salinity

287

(1)

Osmotic Adjustment

288

(2)

Metabolism of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

290

(4)

Uptake of Nutrient Ions

294

(1)

Drought

294

(1)

Soil Compaction

295

(1)

Waterlogging

296

(1)

Salinity

297

(1)

Summary

298

(23)

References

299

(22)

Physiological and Biochemical Indicators for Stress Tolerance

321

(36)

Shimon Rachmilevitch

Michelle DaCosta

Bingru Huang

Introduction

322

(1)

Photosynthesis

322

(7)

Chlorophyll Fluorescence

323

(1)

Principles and Methodology of Chlorophyll Fluorescence

323

(1)

Chlorophyll Fluorescence and Heat Stress

324

(1)

Chlorophyll Fluorescence and Drought Stress

325

(1)

Chlorophyll Fluorescence and Cold Stress

325

(1)

Gas Exchange Parameter

326

(1)

Principles and Methodology

326

(1)

Photosynthetic Gas Exchange and Stress Tolerance

327

(2)

Water Relations

329

(6)

Relative Water Content

329

(1)

RWC Determination

329

(1)

Relative Water Content and Stress Tolerance

330

(1)

Osmotic Adjustment

331

(1)

Determination of Osmotic Adjustment

332

(1)

Regression Method

332

(1)

Full Turgor Adjustment Method

333

(1)

Rehydration Method

333

(1)

Osmotic Adjustment and Stress Tolerance

333

(2)

Membrane Stability

335

(2)

Electrolyte Leakage Analysis

335

(1)

Membrane Stability and Stress Tolerance

335

(2)

Lipid Peroxidation

337

(3)

Antioxidant Enzyme Defense System

338

(1)

Determination of Lipid Peroxidation

338

(2)

Lipid Peroxidation and Stress Tolerance

340

(1)

Stress-Induced Proteins

340

(3)

Heat Shock Proteins

341

(1)

Late Embryogenesis Abundant Proteins

342

(1)

Summary

343

(14)

References

345

(12)

Breeding and Genomic Approaches to Improving Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants

357

(20)

Stacy A. Bonos

Bingru Huang

Introduction

357

(1)

Variability and Complexity in Genetics and Physiology of Abiotic Stress Tolerance

358

(1)

Classical Breeding Methods for Improving Abiotic Stress Tolerance

359

(1)

Application of QTLs for Abiotic Stress Tolerance

360

(4)

QTLs across Environments and Populations

361

(1)

QTL Analysis of Physiological Traits

362

(1)

Limitations of QTL Analysis

363

(1)

Genomic Approaches to Understanding and Breeding for Abiotic Stress Tolerance

364

(7)

Synteny and Comparative Genomics

364

(1)

Gene Cloning from QTLs

365

(1)

Microarrays

365

(2)

Forward and Reverse Genetics

367

(1)

Mutants

367

(1)

Transgenic Approach

368

(1)

Integrated Genomic Approaches

369

(2)

Summary and Prospects

371

(6)

References

372

(5)

Index

377

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Plant-Environment Interactions, Third Edition

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials