Politics and the Bureaucracy

Enhance your understanding of the federal bureaucracy with POLITICS AND THE BUREAUCRACY! With a focus on bureaucracy as a political institution, this political science text equips you with the tools you need to succeed in this course. Coverage includes topics such as administrative ethics, political control of the bureaucracy, public choice models of bureaucratic politics, and state and local bureaucracies. Examples and case studies clarify difficult concepts and reflect current political debates and their impact on federal agencies.

LIST OF TABLES

XV

LIST OF FIGURES

XVII

PREFACE

XIX

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

XXI

1 Bureaucracy and Politics

1

(15)

Bureaucracy: A Favorite Target

3

(2)

Criticism and Rhetoric

5

(3)

Efficiency: An Untested Hypothesis

5

(1)

Is Efficiency a Goal?

6

(2)

Administrative Power as Political Power

8

(6)

Case 1: Federal Housing

9

(2)

Case 2: The Cuban Missile Crisis

11

(1)

Case 3: The National Health Service Corps

12

(1)

Case 4: The Federal Trade Commission

12

(2)

Administrative Power: A Difficult Term

14

(1)

Summary

15

(1)

2 The Structure of American Bureaucracy

16

(26)

The Organization of the Federal Government

16

(12)

Departments

17

(6)

Independent Agencies

23

(1)

The Government Corporation

24

(2)

The Advisory Committee

26

(1)

Minor Boards, Committees, and Commissions

26

(1)

The Political Bureaus of the President and Congress

27

(1)

The Size of the Bureaucracy

28

(2)

Budgetary Growth

30

(1)

The Federal Personnel System

31

(6)

The Career Civil Service

32

(2)

The Senior Executive Service

34

(1)

The Separate Merit Systems

34

(1)

The Excepted Service

35

(1)

The Executive Schedule

36

(1)

Dismissals

37

(1)

State and Local Bureaucracies

38

(2)

Implementation Networks

40

(1)

Summary

41

(1)

3 Bureaucratic Power and Its Causes

42

(33)

A Framework for the Study of Bureaus

42

(3)

Why Bureaucracy Is a Policymaking Institution

45

(8)

The Nature of American Politics

45

(2)

The Organization of Government

47

(3)

Task Demands

50

(1)

The Nature of Bureaucracy's Function

51

(2)

Sources of Bureau Power

53

(19)

External Sources of Bureaucratic Power: Political Support

53

(11)

Internal Sources of Bureau Power

64

(8)

Summary

72

(3)

4 Bureaucracy and Public Policy

75

(39)

Regulatory Policy

76

(16)

The Scope of Regulatory Policy

77

(2)

Regulatory Bureau Policymaking

79

(8)

The Structure of Regulatory Agencies

87

(3)

The Environment of Regulatory Agencies

90

(2)

Redistributive Policy

92

(7)

The Scope of Redistributive Policy

92

(2)

The Structure of Redistributive Bureaus

94

(1)

Redistributive Bureau Policymaking

95

(2)

The Environment of Redistributive Agencies

97

(2)

Distributive Policy

99

(7)

The Scope of Distributive Policy

99

(2)

The Structure of Distributive Bureaus

101

(1)

Distributive Bureau Policymaking

102

(2)

The Environment of Distributive Agencies

104

(2)

Constituent Policy

106

(6)

The Scope of Constituent Policy

106

(1)

The Structure of Constituent Policy

107

(1)

Constituent Bureau Policymaking

107

(3)

The Environment of Constituent Policy Bureaus

110

(2)

Summary

112

(2)

5 Bureaucracy and the Public's Expectations

114

(21)

Two Standards for Bureaucracy

114

(2)

Responsiveness I: Political Institutions, the Public, Law

116

(3)

Responsiveness II: Flexibility

119

(2)

Responsiveness III: Ethics

121

(3)

Responsiveness IV: Fair and Impartial

124

(1)

Competence I: Effectiveness

125

(2)

Competence II: Timeliness

127

(1)

Competence III: Efficiency

128

(2)

Competence IV: Reliability

130

(1)

Whose Fault Is It? The Problem of Political Executives

131

(1)

Summary

132

(3)

6 Controlling the Bureaucracy

135

(44)

Overhead Democracy

135

(1)

Legislative Controls on Bureaucratic Power

136

(15)

Legislation

137

(3)

Budgeting

140

(4)

Legislative Veto and Consultations

144

(2)

Oversight

146

(3)

Informal Contacts

149

(1)

Congressional Controls: Summary

150

(1)

Judicial Controls on Bureaucratic Power

151

(5)

Court Impact

152

(1)

Limits on Courts

153

(3)

Presidential Controls on Bureaucratic Power

156

(13)

Organizational Powers

157

(6)

Budget Powers

163

(2)

The Powers of Commander in Chief

165

(1)

Leadership

166

(1)

Restraints on Presidential Controls

167

(2)

Federalism as a Check on Bureaucracy

169

(5)

State Agencies as a Check on Federal Agencies

169

(3)

Federal Checks on State Bureaucracies

172

(1)

Federalism as a Check

173

(1)

The Ombudsman

174

(1)

Direct Democratic Control: Noncompliance

175

(2)

Summary

177

(2)

7 Controlling Bureaucracy

179

(30)

The Administrative Platonist

179

(6)

The Fellowship of Science

185

(3)

The New Public Administration

188

(3)

Representative Bureaucracy

191

(5)

Participative Administration

196

(9)

Individual—Group Linkage

198

(2)

Group—Administrative Elite Linkage

200

(5)

Public Choice

205

(3)

Summary

208

(1)

8 Reforming the Bureaucracy

209

(20)

How Much Control Is Needed?

210

(2)

The Performance of American Bureaucracy

212

(1)

Redundancy: The Impact of Duplication

213

(1)

Strengthening Political Institutions

214

(6)

The President

215

(2)

Congress

217

(2)

The Courts

219

(1)

Interest Groups

219

(1)

Creating a Better Merit System

220

(5)

Reform Entrance Procedures and Educational Training

222

(1)

Raise the Prestige of the Civil Service

223

(1)

Increased Executive Mobility

224

(1)

Awakening the American People

225

(3)

Increase Public Awareness of Politics and Participation

226

(1)

Increase Public Awareness of Bureau Policymaking

226

(1)

Eliminate the Stereotypes of Bureaucracy

226

(1)

End Passive Acceptance of Delay

226

(1)

Lower People's Expectations of Government

227

(1)

A Hobson's Choice

228

(1)

BIBLIOGRAPHY

229

(42)

INDEX

271

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Politics and the Bureaucracy

Summary

Table of Contents

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