Politics: An Introduction

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ISBN: 9780415226424 | 0415226422
Cover: Nonspecific Binding
Copyright: 12/20/2002

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This stimulating and user-friendly text is designed to meet the needs of students taking introductory courses in politics and the social sciences. By taking the widest definition of what is political it offers unrivalled coverage of the subject including chapters on political sociology, political institutions, the state, political parties and associations, political thinkers, political ideologies and international and global politics.

List of figures and tables

List of biographies

xii

Notes on the authors

xiii

Preface

Acknowledgements

xviii

Introduction

(14)

Barrie Axford

Gary K. Browning

Part 1 People and politics

(178)

Individuals: Is Politics Really About People?

(40)

Barrie Axford

Introduction

(6)

Three questions for analysis

(2)

Parts or wholes: should we study individuals or structures?

(1)

Forms of individualist analysis

(1)

Forms of functional and structural analysis

(1)

The modern individual

(31)

Individuals as utility maximisers: the myth of `economic' man

(6)

Individualism in action

(3)

Individuals and rights

(7)

Individualism and collectivism

(7)

Beyond individualism and collectivism: the postmodern condition

(1)

Individuals and the capacity for meaningful political action

(2)

Conclusion

(3)

Political Socialisation

(25)

Ben Rosamond

Introduction

(1)

Political socialisation

(1)

What is political socialisation for?

(7)

The processes of political socialisation

(9)

When?

(6)

How?

(3)

The importance of political socialisation

(4)

What does political socialisation tell us about political science?

(3)

What does political socialisation tell us about politics?

(1)

What does political socialisation tell us about the political system?

(1)

Conclusion

(3)

Political Culture

(38)

Ben Rosamond

Introduction

(2)

The uses of political culture

(2)

The civic culture

(5)

Criticisms of The Civic Culture

(3)

An alternative approach: political culture and ideology

(3)

Subcultures

(4)

Culture and political identity

(2)

Three case studies of political culture

100

(16)

The rise and fall of the `Asian Tigers': a cultural phenomenon?

101

(6)

The European Union: creating a new political culture

107

(5)

After 11 September 2001: a clash of civilisations?

112

(4)

Conclusion

116

(4)

Political Participation

120

(39)

Barrie Axford

Introduction: what is political participation?

120

(5)

Who participates? Some individual and social correlates of political participation

125

(9)

Selected variables and political participation: a brief inventory

129

(5)

Social capital and political participation

134

(9)

Why do some people participate in politics and others abstain?

143

(9)

Agency: political efficacy and trust

145

(2)

Structural explanations: the law, society and ideas

147

(4)

Immediate stimuli

151

(1)

Case study: electoral turnout and political participation

152

(3)

Conclusion: a crisis of political participation?

155

(4)

Democracy and Democratisation

159

(34)

Richard Huggins

Introduction

159

(1)

Democracy in the contemporary context

160

(3)

Conceptualising democracy: the search for a definition

163

(7)

Origins of democracy

163

(1)

Representative democracy

164

(1)

Deliberative democracy

165

(1)

Direct democracy

166

(1)

Towards a minimal definition of democracy

167

(3)

Conceptualising democratisation: process and practice

170

(6)

Explaining democratisation

172

(4)

The criticisms and limits of democracy and democratisation

176

(5)

Feminist critiques of liberal democracy

176

(2)

Republican critiques of liberal democracy

178

(1)

Radical critiques of liberal democracy

178

(2)

Environmental critiques of liberal democracy

180

(1)

Futures of democracy and democratisation

181

(7)

Globalisation and democracy

182

(4)

Digital democracy

186

(2)

Conclusion

188

(5)

Part 2 Politics and ideas

193

(102)

Concepts and Issues

195

(23)

Gary K. Browning

Introduction

195

(1)

Conceptual analysis

195

(2)

Freedom

197

(4)

The Rushdie case

201

(3)

Rights

204

(3)

Animal rights

207

(2)

Equality

209

(3)

Justice

212

(3)

Conclusion

215

(3)

Political Thought

218

(34)

Gary K. Browning

Introduction

218

(1)

Political thought

218

(2)

The history of political thought

220

(2)

The methodology of the history of political thought

222

(2)

The value of the history of political thought

224

(1)

Key political philosophers

225

(21)

Plato

225

(4)

Thomas Hobbes

229

(3)

John Locke

232

(3)

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

235

(4)

John Stuart Mill

239

(3)

Karl Marx

242

(4)

The limits of Western political thought

246

(3)

Women and political thought

246

(1)

Islam

247

(2)

Conclusion

249

(3)

Political Ideologies

252

(43)

Gary K. Browning

Introduction

252

(1)

The nature of political ideologies

252

(3)

Political ideology and history

255

(1)

Left and Right

255

(1)

Liberalism

256

(6)

The origins of liberalism

258

(3)

Liberalism in the twentieth century

261

(1)

Conservatism

262

(4)

The nature of conservatism

262

(2)

Styles of conservatism

264

(2)

The success of conservatism

266

(1)

Socialism

266

(5)

Forms of socialism

266

(2)

Socialism and its development

268

(3)

Fascism

271

(5)

The nature of fascism

271

(1)

The development of fascism

272

(1)

Fascism in Nazi Germany and Mussolini's Italy

272

(4)

Nationalism

276

(6)

The development of nationalism

279

(1)

Explanations of nationalism

280

(2)

Feminism

282

(5)

Liberal feminism

283

(2)

Socialist feminism

285

(1)

Radical feminism

285

(1)

Postmodern feminism

286

(1)

Ecologism

287

(3)

Varieties of ecological standpoints on society, economy and politics

290

(1)

Conclusion

290

(5)

Part 3 The structures and processes of governance

295

(184)

Local Governance: Politics Below the Nation-State

297

(29)

Alan Grant

Introduction

297

(1)

The territorial distribution of power

298

(4)

Federalism

302

(7)

The requirements of federalism

304

(1)

Developments in federal governments

305

(3)

Conclusions on federalism

308

(1)

Local government and politics

309

(14)

Constitutional and legal status

310

(2)

Structure and responsibilities

312

(5)

Internal organisation

317

(3)

Central--local relations

320

(3)

Conclusion

323

(3)

The Machinery of Government

326

(32)

Richard Huggins

Introduction

326

(1)

Preliminary observations

327

(2)

Nations, nation-states and the state

329

(1)

Government and governance

330

(7)

Constitutions and constitutionalism

337

Executives, legislatures and judiciaries

335

(11)

Executives

336

(1)

Legislatures

336

(4)

Unicameral or bicameral?

340

(4)

The judiciary

344

(2)

Parliamentary systems of government

346

(3)

Presidential executives

349

(1)

Other forms of government

350

(1)

Transnational governance and the European Union -- a new model?

351

(1)

The virtual machinery of government?

351

(4)

Conclusion

355

(3)

Parties, Interest Groups and Public Opinion

358

(50)

Barrie Axford

Introduction

358

(2)

Political parties and party systems

360

(21)

Party systems

363

(4)

Party systems in established democracies

367

(6)

The organisation of parties

373

(3)

The functions of political parties

376

(4)

Are political parties in decline?

380

(1)

Interest groups

381

(16)

Parties and interest groups

381

(1)

What are interest groups?: Types of groups

382

(9)

Theories and models of interest group politics

391

(3)

The resources and tactics used by interest groups

394

(3)

The power of interest groups

397

(1)

Public opinion

397

(7)

What is public opinion?

397

(2)

Whose opinion is public opinion?

399

(1)

How is public opinion institutionalised and expressed?

400

(1)

The construction of public opinion

401

(2)

Elections and public opinion

403

(1)

Is public opinion fickle?

404

(1)

Conclusion

404

(4)

Political Communication and the Media

408

(35)

Richard Huggins

Introduction

408

(4)

What is political communication?

412

(4)

Contexts of political communication

416

(6)

The development of political communication

422

(5)

Newspapers

423

(1)

Radio

423

(1)

Television

424

(3)

Managing political communication: how do politicians communicate?

427

(5)

Politics in media cultures: a crisis for democracy?

432

(3)

The global media

435

(2)

New media and political activism

437

(2)

Conclusion

439

(4)

The Policy Process

443

(36)

John Turner

Introduction

443

(1)

The study of policy

444

(1)

Policy in action: the foot-and-mouth crisis 2001 to 2002

445

(4)

Policy definition

446

(1)

Policy formulation

446

(1)

Policy implementation

447

(1)

Problem superseded and redefined

448

(1)

Policy outcomes

448

(1)

A model of policy-making: Easton's input--output model

449

(3)

The policy process and the state

452

(3)

Pluralist explanations

453

(1)

Neo-pluralist explanations

453

(1)

Corporatist explanations

454

(1)

Marxist explanations

454

(1)

Neo-liberal explanations

455

(1)

Theories of decision-making

455

(13)

Rationality and decision-making

455

(1)

Cost--benefit analysis

456

(2)

Modified rationality

458

(1)

Disjointed incrementalism

458

(2)

Innovation and mixed scanning

460

(1)

Organisational and bureaucratic models of decision-making

461

(1)

Ideology and decision-making

462

(1)

Implementation models of policy-making

463

(2)

Advocacy coalitions and negotiated orders

465

(2)

Policy communities and networks

467

(1)

Case study in the policy process: policy learning and the Brent Spar decision

468

(6)

Introduction

469

(1)

The initial policy decision

469

(1)

Widening the policy environment: a global dimension

470

(1)

The German connection

471

(1)

The organisational context: the corporate culture at Shell

471

(1)

The organisational context: Greenpeace and the politics of protest

472

(1)

Crisis politics: policy in reverse

472

(1)

Conclusions

473

(1)

Conclusion

474

(5)

Part 4 Politics beyond the territorial state

479

(84)

Politics and Governance Above the Territorial State

481

(43)

Ben Rosamond

Introduction

481

(2)

International politics

483

(5)

Thinking about International Relations

488

(4)

The end of international politics?

492

(6)

Breaking the mould of international politics?: The European Union

498

(13)

European integration

499

(5)

The origins of the European Union

504

(2)

Patterns of politics

506

(3)

European integration and the end of the nation-state?

509

(2)

Law and authority in world politics: the Pinochet case

511

(5)

War without states? After 11 September 2001

516

(5)

Conclusion

521

(3)

The Processes of Globalisation

524

(39)

Barrie Axford

Introduction

524

(3)

From beyond the nation-state to global politics?

527

(2)

The concept of globalisation

529

(19)

Globalisation as growing interconnectedness

529

(5)

Global consciousness, or thinking globally

534

(7)

Global compression

541

(1)

Globalisation as relativisation and indigenisation

542

(4)

The idea of a global system

546

(2)

The forces and features of globalisation

548

(7)

The world economy and the new international division of labour

548

(2)

The world political order: global governance?

550

(3)

Global cultures

553

(2)

Vectors of globalisation

555

(5)

The end of a world of territorial nation-states

555

(2)

A post-capitalist world economic order?

557

(1)

A global civil society?

557

(2)

The prospect of civilisational conflict

559

(1)

Global chaos?

560

(1)

Conclusion

560

(3)

Glossary

563

(6)

General bibliography

569

(19)

Index

588

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Politics: An Introduction

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials