Polymer Composites : From Nano- to Macro-Scale

, by Friedrich, Klaus; Fakirov, Stoiko; Zhang, Zhong

ISBN: 9780387241760 | 0387241760
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 7/1/2005

Sorry, this item is currently not available.

Summary

This authoritative and comprehensive multi-author volume provides a useful summary of updated knowledge on polymer composites in general, practically integrating experimental studies, theoretical analyses and computational modeling at different scales, i.e. from nano- to macro- scale. Detailed consideration is given to four major areas: structure and properties of polymer nanocomposites; characterization and modeling; processing and application of macro-composites; and mechanical performance of macro-composites.

Preface

Editors Biographies

xix

Part I Nanocomposites: Structure and Properties

(106)

Chapter 1 Carbon Nanotube-Reinforced Polymers: a State of the Art Review

(22)

1 Introduction

(1)

2 General Problems in Nanocomposite Technology

(2)

3 Experimental

(2)

3.1 Manufacturing of Multiple-Wall Carbon Nanotubes

(1)

3.2 Treatment of Carbon Nanotubes

(1)

3.3 Matrix Polymers

(1)

3.4 Electron Microscopy

(1)

3.5 Dynamic-Mechanical Thermal Analysis

(1)

4 Results

(13)

4.1 Comparison of the Multiple-Wall Carbon Nanotubes Studied

(2)

4.2 Purification

(1)

4.3 CNT/Epoxy Composites: Dispersion, Matrix Bonding, and Functionalization

(4)

4.3.1 Dispersion

(2)

4.3.2 Nanotube-Matrix Interaction

(1)

4.3.3 Functionalization

(2)

4.4 Microscopy

(2)

4.4.1 Matrix Bonding to the Nanotubes

(1)

4.4.2 Crack Bridging and Telescopic Pull-Outs

(1)

4.5 Thermal and Mechanical Properties

(1)

4.6 Electrical Properties

(3)

5 Conclusions

(1)

6 Acknowledgements

(1)

7 References

(3)

Chapter 2 Application of Non-Layered Nanoparticles in Polymer Modification

(20)

1 Introduction

(2)

2 Surface Treatment and Compounding

(2)

2.1 Raw Materials

(1)

2.2 Pregrafting of the Nanoparticles by Irradiation

(1)

2.3 Characterization of the Irradiation Products

(1)

2.4 Preparation of PP-Based Nanocomposites and Their Characterization

(1)

2.5 Preparation of Epoxy-Based Nanocomposites and Their Characterization

(1)

3 Thermoplastic Systems

(7)

3.1 Effect of Irradiation Grafting Polymerization on the Nanoparticles

(1)

3.2 Tensile Properties

(5)

3.3 Fractography

(1)

4 Thermosetting Systems

(6)

4.1 Interfacial Interactions in the Composites

(2)

4.2 Curing Behavior

(1)

4.3 Friction and Wear Performance

(4)

5 Conclusions

(1)

6 Acknowledgements

(1)

7 References

(2)

Chapter 3 Reinforcement of Thermosetting Polymers by the Incorporation of Micro- and Nanoparticles

(18)

1 Introduction

(2)

2 Manufacturing of Thermosetting Nanocomposites

(3)

3 Properties of Nanocomposites

(10)

3.1 Stress-Strain Behavior

(4)

3.2 Impact Behavior

(1)

3.3 Stiffness-Impact Energy Relationship

(1)

3.4 Dynamic Mechanical Properties

(1)

3.5 Wear Performance

(3)

4 Acknowledgements

(1)

5 References

(3)

Chapter 4 Polyimides Reinforced by a Sol-Gel Derived Organosilicon Nanophase: Synthesis and Structure-Property Relationships

(14)

1 Nanocomposites Based on Flexible-Chain Polymers

(3)

2 Nanocomposites Based on Semi-Rigid Chain Polymers (Polyimides)

(7)

2.1 In Situ Generation of an Organosilicon Nanophase

(1)

2.2 Structural Characterization

(1)

2.3 Water Uptake

(1)

2.4 Thermomechanical Performance

(2)

2.5 Dielectric Properties

(1)

3 Conclusions

(1)

4 Acknowledgements

(1)

5 References

(3)

Chapter 5 Layered Silicate/Rubber Nanocomposites via Latex and Solution Intercalations

(14)

1 Concept of Nanoreinforcement

(1)

2 Production of Rubber/Clay Nanocomposites

(10)

2.1 Latex Intercalation

(8)

2.1.1 Nanocomposites from Rubber Latex

(2)

2.1.2 Nanocomposites from Latex Blends

(3)

2.1.3 Radiation-Vulcanized NR Latex

(3)

2.2 Solvent-Assisted Intercalation

(1)

3 Future Issues

(1)

4 Acknowledgements

(1)

5 References

(2)

Chapter 6 Property Improvements of an Epoxy Resin by Nanosilica Particle Reinforcement

(16)

1 Introduction and State of the Art

(3)

2 Preparation and Characterization Techniques

(2)

2.1 Basic Material Components

(1)

2.2 Preparation of Nanosilica-Filled Epoxy Composites

(1)

2.3 Structural and Mechanical Analysis

(1)

2.3.1 Microstructure

(1)

2.3.2 Viscosity Studies of the Unfilled and Filled Resin

(1)

2.3.3 Mechanical Properties

(1)

2.3.4 Tribological Properties

(1)

2.3.5 Failure Analysis

(1)

3 Microstructural and Rheological Details

(3)

3.1 Particle Distribution

(2)

3.2 Viscosity

(1)

4 Mechanical Properties

(4)

4.1 Three-Point Bending

(1)

4.2 Microhardness

(2)

4.3 Fracture Toughness

101

(1)

4.4 Tribological Properties

101

(2)

5 Conclusions

103

(1)

6 Acknowledgements

104

(1)

7 References

104

(3)

Part II Special Characterization Methods and Modeling

107

(80)

Chapter 7 Micro-Scratch Testing and Finite Element Simulation of Wear Mechanisms of Polymer Composites

109

(24)

1 Introduction

109

(1)

2 Micro-Scratch Testing

110

(3)

3 The Representative Wear Mechanisms

113

(1)

4 Wear Considerations by Finite Element Contact Analysis

114

(7)

4.1 Finite Element Macro/Micro-Contact Models

115

(1)

4.2 Normal Fiber Orientation

116

(2)

4.3 Parallel Fiber Orientation

118

(2)

4.4 Anti-Parallel Fiber Orientation

120

(1)

5 Finite Element Simulation of the Fiber/Matrix Debonding

121

(8)

5.1 Debonding Model and Interface Elements

122

(4)

5.1.1 Interface Elements

122

(1)

5.1.2 Conditions of Debonding

123

(2)

5.1.3 Unloading Considerations

125

(1)

5.1.4 The Debonding Algorithm

125

(1)

5.2 Calculations for N-Oriented Carbon Fibers in a PEEK Matrix

126

(3)

6 Conclusions

129

(1)

7 Acknowledgements

130

(1)

8 References

130

(3)

Chapter 8 Determination of the Interface Strength of Polymer-Polymer Joints by a Curved Interface Tensile Test

133

(16)

1 Introduction

133

(3)

2 Curved Interface Tensile Test

136

(1)

3 Stress Calculation by Finite-Element Analysis

137

(3)

3.1 Flat Interface

138

(1)

3.2 Curved Interface

138

(2)

4 Experimental Observations

140

(5)

4.1 Materials and Specimen Preparation

140

(2)

4.2 Tensile Tests and Strain Estimation

142

(2)

4.3 Determination of the Adhesion Strength

144

(1)

5 Conclusions and Outlook

145

(1)

6 References

146

(3)

Chapter 9 Manufacturing and Characterization of Microfibrillar Reinforced Composites from Polymer Blends

149

(20)

1 Introduction

149

(2)

2 Materials, Processing, and Characterization Techniques

151

(2)

3 Structure and Properties of MFCs

153

(11)

3.1 Structure and Properties of MFCs Based on PET/PP Blends

153

(6)

3.1.1 Morphology

153

(4)

3.1.2 Mechanical Properties of the Drawn Blends After Processing

157

(2)

3.2 Structure and Properties of MFCs Based on LCP/PPE Blends

159

(16)

3.2.1 Morphology

159

(3)

3.2.2 Mechanical Properties of Injection Molded LCP/PPE Blends with MFC Structure

162

(2)

4 Conclusions

164

(1)

5 Acknowledgements

165

(1)

6 References

165

(4)

Chapter 10 Tribological Characteristics of Micro- and Nanoparticle Filled Polymer Composites

169

(18)

1 Introduction

169

(1)

2 Influence of Particle Size: from Micro- to Nanometer

170

(1)

3 Influence of the Nanoparticle Volume Content

171

(3)

4 Particle-Filled Polytetrafluoroethylene

174

(1)

5 Integration of Inorganic Particles With Traditional Fillers

175

(7)

5.1 Inorganic Particles and Other Fillers

175

(1)

5.2 Combinative Effect of Nanoparticles and Short Carbon Fibers

175

(7)

6 Conclusion

182

(1)

7 Acknowledgement

182

(1)

8 References

182

(5)

Part III Macrocomposites: Processing and Application

187

(76)

Chapter 11 Production of Thermoplastic Towpregs and Towpreg-Based Composites

189

(26)

1 Introduction

189

(1)

2 Raw Materials

190

(1)

3 Production of Towpregs

190

(4)

3.1 Process and Equipment Description

190

(2)

3.2 Relationships Between Final Properties and Processing Conditions

192

(2)

3.2.1 Parameters Affecting the Polymer Powder Deposition

192

(1)

3.2.2 Influence of the Processing Conditions on the Final Composite Properties

193

(1)

4 Production of Towpreg-Based Composites

194

(12)

4.1 Compression Molding

194

(1)

4.1.1 Process Description

194

(1)

4.1.2 Molding Conditions

194

(1)

4.2 Process Modeling

195

(5)

4.2.1 Isothermal Consolidation

196

(1)

4.2.2 Non-Isothermal Consolidation

197

(1)

4.2.3 Validation of the Consolidation Model

198

(2)

4.3 Pultrusion

200

(3)

4.3.1 Process Description

200

(1)

4.3.2 Processing Conditions

201

(1)

4.3.3 Process Modeling

201

(2)

4.4 Filament Winding

203

(3)

4.4.1 Process Description

203

(1)

4.4.2 Processing Conditions

203

(1)

4.4.3 Relationships Between Final Properties and Processing Conditions

204

(2)

4.5 Long Fiber-Reinforced Composite Stamping

206

(1)

4.5.1 Process Description

206

(1)

4.5.2 Processing Conditions

206

(1)

5 Composite Properties

206

(5)

5.1 Mechanical Properties of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Composites

207

(1)

5.2 Mechanical Properties of Discontinuous Fiber-Reinforced Composites

207

(4)

6 Conclusions

211

(1)

7 Acknowledgements

211

(1)

8 References

212

(3)

Chapter 12 Manufacturing of Tailored Reinforcement for Liquid Composite Molding Processes

215

(1)

1 Introduction

215

(2)

2 Pre-selection of Sewing Thread

217

(16)

2.1 Selection Criteria

217

(2)

2.2 Polyester Thread in Global Preform Sewing

219

(1)

3 Tailored Reinforcements

220

(1)

4 Stitching Parameters and Their Influence on the Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites

221

(1)

4.1 Machine Parameters

221

(3)

4.1.1 Thread Tension

221

(2)

4.1.2 Presser Foot Pressure

223

(1)

4.2 Stitching Pattern

224

(1)

5 Quality Secured Preforming

225

(1)

5.1 Macro Preform Quality

225

(1)

5.2 Micro Preform Quality

225

(1)

5.3 Fiber Disturbance at Seams

226

(1)

6 Liquid Composite Molding Process for Net-Shape Preforms

227

(1)

6.1 Preform LCM Process Chain

227

(1)

6.2 Thermal Behavior of Seam in FRPC

228

(1)

7 Quality Management

228

(3)

8 Conclusions

231

(1)

9 Acknowledgements

231

(1)

10 References

231

(2)

Chapter 13 Deconsolidation and Reconsolidation of Thermoplastic Composites During Processing

233

(22)

1 Introduction

233

(2)

2 Experimental Observations

235

(3)

2.1 Void Growth

235

(1)

2.2 Migration of Voids

236

(1)

2.3 Squeezed Flow of Resin During Reconsolidation

237

(1)

3 Mechanistic Model of the Void Growth

238

(8)

3.1 Discussion of the Mechanism

238

(3)

3.2 Void-Growth Model

241

(3)

3.3 Theoretical Predictions

244

(2)

4 Thermal/Mechanistic Models of Migration of Voids

246

(7)

4.1 Discussion of Mechanisms

246

(1)

4.2 Thermal Analysis

246

(3)

4.3 Void Closure

249

(2)

4.4 Squeezed Creep Flow of Resin

251

(2)

5 Conclusions

253

(1)

6 Acknowledgement

253

(1)

7 References

253

(2)

Chapter 14 Long Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites in Automotive Applications

255

(8)

1 Introduction

255

(2)

2 Long Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polypropylene with Mineral Fillers

257

(2)

3 Long Fiber-Reinforced Polyamide 66 with Minimized Water Absorption

259

(1)

4 Long Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastic Styrene Resins for Car Interior Applications

259

(2)

5 Conclusions

261

(1)

6 References

261

(2)

Part IV Mechanical Performance of Macrocomposites

263

(80)

Chapter 15 Deformation Mechanisms in Knitted Fabric Composites

265

(24)

1 Introduction

265

(2)

2 Knitted Fabrics

267

(1)

3 Material Characterization and Deformation Behavior

268

(1)

3.1 Raw Materials

268

(1)

3.2 Material Characterization

268

(1)

3.2.1 Tensile Testing

268

(1)

3.2.2 V-Bending

268

(1)

3.2.3 Dome Forming

269

(1)

3.2.4 Cup Forming

269

(1)

4 Experimental Results and Grid Strain Analysis

269

(5)

4.1 Tensile Testing

269

(1)

4.2 V-bending

270

(1)

4.3 Dome Forming

271

(2)

4.4 Cup Forming

273

(1)

5 Textile Composite Deformation Mechanisms

274

(4)

5.1 Prepreg Flow Mechanisms

274

(1)

5.2 Macro-Level Fabric Deformation Modes

274

(1)

5.3 Micro-Level Fabric Deformation Modes

275

(1)

5.4 Textile Fabric Force-Displacement Curve

276

(2)

5.5 Experimental Force-Displacement Curves

278

(1)

6 Modeling the Manufacture of the Reinforcement Architecture

278

(6)

6.1 Model Set-Up

279

(1)

6.2 Model Input: Knitting Machine Parameters

280

(1)

6.3 Model Input: Material Property Parameters

280

(2)

6.4 Model Input: Non-Physical Parameters

282

(1)

6.5 Simulating the Mechanics of the Knitting Process

283

(1)

7 Concluding Remarks

284

(2)

8 Acknowledgements

286

(1)

9 References

286

(3)

Chapter 16 Impact Damage in Composite Laminates

289

(20)

1 Introduction

289

(2)

2 Deformation and Energy Release Rate of Axisymmetric Plates with Multiple Delaminations

291

(9)

2.1 Axisymmetric Plate with Multiple Delaminations of the Same Size

291

(2)

2.2 A Delamination is Larger or Smaller than the Rest

293

(2)

2.3 Effect of geometrical nonlinearity

295

(1)

2.4 Finite Element Analysis

296

(1)

2.5 Some Derived Relationships

297

(3)

3 Effect of the Stacking Sequence

300

(4)

4 Simulation of Delamination Growth in Composite Laminates

304

(1)

5 Conclusion

305

(1)

6 References

306

(3)

Chapter 17 Discontinuous Basalt Fiber-Reinforced Hybrid Composites

309

(20)

1 Introduction

309

(1)

2 Basalt Fibers

310

(4)

2.1 Characteristics, Applications

310

(3)

2.2 Production and Properties of Melt-Blown Basalt Fibers

313

(1)

3 Hybrid Composites

314

(3)

3.1 Concept and Realization

314

(2)

3.2 Property Prediction

316

(1)

3.3 Applications

317

(1)

4 Thermoplastic Hybrid Composites

317

(4)

4.1 Polypropylene with Hybrid Reinforcement Containing Basalt Fibers

317

(2)

4.2 Basalt Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Blends

319

(2)

5 Thermoset Hybrid Composites

321

(3)

5.1 Basalt Fiber Mat-Reinforced Hybrid Thermosets

321

(2)

5.2 Hybrid Fiber Mat-Reinforced Hybrid Thermosets

323

(1)

6 Conclusions and Outlook

324

(1)

7 Acknowledgement

325

(1)

8 References

325

(4)

Chapter 18 Accelerated Testing Methodology for Polymer Composite Durability

329

(14)

1 Introduction

329

(1)

2 Prediction Procedure of Fatigue Strength

330

(1)

3 Some Experimental Details and Relationships Obtained

330

(8)

3.1 Experimental Procedure

330

(1)

3.2 Failure Mechanism

331

(2)

3.3 Master Curve for the CSR Strength

333

(1)

3.4 Master Curve for Creep Strength

334

(1)

3.5 Master Curve for the Fatigue Strength at Zero Stress Ratio

335

(2)

3.6 Prediction of Fatigue Strength for Arbitrary Stress Ratios

337

(1)

4 Applicability of the Prediction Method

338

(1)

5 Conclusion

339

(1)

6 References

340

(3)

Contributing Authors

343

(14)

List of Acknowledgements

357

(4)

Author Index

361

(2)

Subject Index

363

You might also enjoy...

Please wait while the item is added to your bag...

Polymer Composites : From Nano- to Macro-Scale

Summary

Table of Contents

You might also enjoy...