Polyurethane and Related Foams: Chemistry and Technology

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ISBN: 9781587161599 | 1587161591
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 9/22/2006

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Polyurethane and Related Foams: Chemistry and Technology is an in-depth examination of the current preparation, processing, and applications of polyurethanes (PURs) and other polymer foams. Drawing attention to novel raw materials, alternative blowing agents, and new processing methods, the book accentuates recent innovations that meet increasingly stringent environmental and fire safety regulations as well as higher quality products.Written by Dr. Kaneyoshi Ashida, a renowned pioneer of polyisocyanurate (PIR) foams, the book details the fundamental chemistry and material properties for each category of foams. The author presents mechanisms for chemical modification and foaming reactions, emphasizing the relationship between molecular design and enhanced physical properties. The latter half of the book focuses on polyurethane foams, the largest segment of the polyisocyanate-based foam industry. It contains a fully updated description of the chemistry, raw materials, manufacturing, formulations, analyses, and testing involved in producing a wide variety of progressive applications, including building materials.This book chronicles the scientific and technological evolution of preparation and processing methods for polyisocyanate-based foams. Polyurethane and Related Foams: Chemistry and Technology offers a clear and concise guide to the technologies, methods, and best practices that help the foam industry meet higher quality, health, and environmental standards.

Chapter 1 Introduction

(4)

References

(3)

Chapter 2 Historical Developments of Polyurethane and Polyisocyanurate Foams

(6)

2.1 Introduction

(1)

2.2 Isocyanate-Based Foams

(1)

2.3 Polyurethane (PUR) Foams

(1)

2.4 Physical Blowing Agents

(1)

2.5 Third Generation Blowing Agents

(1)

2.6 Fire Hazards

(1)

2.7 Polyisocyanurate (PIR) Foams

(1)

2.8 Frothing Technology

(1)

2.9 Phosgene-Free, Isocyanate Production Methods

(1)

2.10 Recycling

(1)

References

(2)

Chapter 3 Fundamentals

(54)

3.1 Introduction

(1)

3.2 Isocyanate Chemistry

(3)

3.2.1 Addition Reaction

(1)

3.2.2 Dimerization

(1)

3.2.3 Condensation Reaction

(1)

3.2.4 Cyclotrimerization Reaction

(1)

3.2.5 Radical Polymerization

(1)

3.2.6 Thermal Dissociation of Addition Compounds

(1)

3.3 Raw Materials

(33)

3.3.1 Polyisocyanates

(4)

3.3.2 Polyols

(6)

3.3.2.1 Conventional Polyether Polyols

(3)

3.3.2.2 Polyester Polyols

(1)

3.3.2.3 Other Types of Polyols

(1)

3.3.3 Blowing Agents

(10)

3.3.3.1 Chemical Blowing Agents

(3)

3.3.3.2 Physical Blowing Agents

(7)

3.3.4 Catalysts

(6)

3.3.5 Surfactants

(3)

3.3.6 Chain Extenders and Crosslinkers

(1)

3.3.7 Epoxides

(1)

3.3.8 Flame Retardants

(3)

3.3.8.1 Example A: Liquid Flame Retardants

(1)

3.3.8.2 Example B: Powder Flame Retardants

(1)

3.8.8.3 Example C: Reactive Flame Retardants

(1)

3.8.8.4 Example D: Radical Scavenger Flame Retardants

(1)

3.8.8.5 Example E: Char-Forming Flame Retardants

(1)

3.8.8.6 Example F: Noncalorific Additives

(1)

3.8.8.7 Example G: Incorporation of Thermally Stable Linkages

(1)

3.3.9 Antioxidants

(1)

3.3.10 Colorants

(1)

3.3.11 Mold Release Agents

(1)

3.4 Foam Preparation Technologies

(9)

3.4.1 Foaming Systems

(1)

3.4.2 Foaming Processes

(19)

3.4.2.1 Cup Foaming

(2)

3.4.2.2 Small-Box Foaming

(1)

3.4.2.3 Machine Foaming

(5)

3.5 Chemical Calculations

(2)

References

(7)

Chapter 4 Polyurethane Foams

(36)

4.1 Introduction

(2)

4.2 Flexible Polyurethane Foams

(15)

4.2.1 Slabstock Foam

(6)

4.2.1.1 Slabstock Foam Process

(2)

4.2.1.2 Polyether Slabstock Foam

(3)

4.2.2 Molded Flexible Foams

(8)

4.2.2.1 Hot-Molded, Flexible Urethane Foam

(1)

4.2.2.2 Cold-Molded, Flexible Urethane Foam

(1)

4.2.2.3 High Resilience (HR) Foams

(2)

4.2.2.4 Viscoelastic Foam

(1)

4.2.2.5 Soft/Super-Soft Slabstock Foam

(1)

4.2.2.6 Semiflexible Slabstock Foam

(1)

4.2.2.7 Reticulated Foam

(1)

4.2.2.8 Integral Skin, Flexible Foam

(2)

4.2.2.9 Microcellular Elastomer

(1)

4.2.2.10 Shoe Sole Foam

(1)

4.3 Rigid Polyurethane Foams

(14)

4.3.1 Introduction

(1)

4.3.2 Production of Rigid Urethane Foam

(5)

4.3.2.1 Slabstock Rigid Foam

(2)

4.3.2.2 Laminates

(1)

4.3.2.3 Sandwich Panels

(1)

4.3.2.4 Appliances

(1)

4.3.2.5 Refrigerated Trucks

(1)

4.3.2.6 Refrigerated Showcases

(1)

4.3.2.7 Vacuum Insulation Panels

(1)

4.3.2.8 Molded, High-Density, Rigid Foams

(1)

4.3.3 On-Site Foaming

(16)

4.3.3.1 Spraying

(1)

4.3.3.2 Frothing-in-Place

(1)

4.3.3.3 Storage-Stable, Two-Component, One-Package Systems

(3)

4.3.3.4 One-Component, Moisture-Cure Systems

(1)

4.3.3.5 Foam Composites

(3)

4.3.3.6 Cryogenic Insulation

(2)

References

(5)

Chapter 5 Polyisocyanurate Foams

101

(42)

5.1 Introduction

101

(2)

5.2 Methods of Preparing Modified Polyisocyanurate Foams

103

(17)

5.2.1 Urethane-Modified Polyisocyanurate Foams

104

(7)

5.2.1.1 Polyether-Polyol Modified Polyisocyanurate Foams

104

(5)

5.2.1.2 Glycol-Modified-Polyisocyanurate Foams

109

(1)

5.2.1.3 Aromatic Polyol-Modified Polyisocyanurate Foams

110

(1)

5.2.1.4 Resole Resin-Modified Polyisocyanurate Foams

110

(1)

5.2.1.5 Furan Resin-Modified Polyisocyanurate Foams

111

(1)

5.2.1.6 Isocyanurate-Modified Urethane Foams

111

(1)

5.2.2 Blowing Agents for Polyisocyanurate (PIR) Foams

111

(2)

5.2.2.1 All-Water-Blown Polyisocyanurate Foams

111

(1)

5.2.2.2 C5-Hydrocarbon (HCs)-Blown Polyisocyanurate Foams

112

(1)

5.2.2.3 HFC-Blown Polyisocyanurate Foams

112

(1)

5.2.2.4 Blends of Third Generation Blowing Agent-Blown Polyisocyanurate Foams

113

(1)

5.2.2.5 Halogen-Free, Zero-ODP Azeotrope-Blown Polyisocyanurate Foams

113

(1)

5.2.2.6 Blend of C5 -hydrocarbon HC- and Methylene Chloride-Blown Polyisocyanurate Foams

113

(1)

5.2.3 Polyisocyanurate Foams Modified by non-Urethane Linkages

113

(7)

5.2.3.1 2-Oxazolidone-Modified Polyisocyanurate Foams

113

(3)

5.2.3.2 Amide-Modified Polyisocyanurate Foams

116

(1)

5.2.3.3 Imide-Modified Polyisocyanurate Foams

117

(1)

5.2.3.4 Carbodiimide-Modified Polyisocyanurate Foams

118

(1)

5.2.3.5 Secondary Aromatic Diamine-Modified Polyisocyanurate Foams

119

(1)

5.3 Chemistry of Cyclotrimerization

120

(8)

5.3.1 Kinetics and Mechanism of Cyclotrimerization

120

(4)

5.3.2 Relative Catalytic Activity Studies in Nonsolvent Systems

124

(4)

5.4 Properties of Polyisocyanurate Foams

128

(8)

5.4.1 Flammability

128

(1)

5.4.2 Flame and Heat Resistance

129

(2)

5.4.3 Smoke Suppression

131

(2)

5.4.3.1 Smoke Scavenger Method

131

(1)

5.4.3.2 Smoke Suppression by Silicon-Containing Compounds

132

(1)

5.4.4 HCN Generation

133

(3)

5.4.4.1 Effect of Atmospheric Gas on HCN Generation

134

(1)

5.4.4.2 Effect of Temperature on HCN Generation

134

(1)

5.4.4.3 HCN Generated from Various Polymeric Foams

135

(1)

5.4.4.4 HCN Generation vs. Percent Nitrogenin Foams

135

(1)

5.4.4.5 HCN from Nitrogen-Containing Polymers

135

(1)

5.5 Applications of Polyisocvanurate Foam

136

(3)

5.5.1 Seamless Insulation for Petrochemical Tanks and Pipelines

137

(1)

5.5.2 Wall Panels

138

(1)

5.5.3 Residential Wall Sidings

138

(1)

5.5.4 Cryogenic Applications

138

(1)

5.5.5 Gashol Tank Floats

139

(1)

References

139

(4)

Appendix

143

(4)

A.1 Analyses

143

(1)

A.1.1 Analyses of Raw Materials

143

(1)

A.1.2 Analyses of Foams

143

(1)

A.1.3 Isocyanates in Air

143

(1)

A.2 Testing Methods of Foams

143

(3)

A.2.1 Flexible Urethane Foams: Physical Properties

143

(1)

A.2.2 Flexible Foams: Flammability

144

(1)

A.2.3 Microcellular Foams

144

(1)

A.2.4 Rigid Urethane Foams: Physical Properties

144

(1)

A.2.5 Rigid Foams: Flammability

145

(1)

A.2.6 Rigid Foams: Electrical Properties

145

(1)

A.3 Unit Conversion

146

(1)

Index

147

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Polyurethane and Related Foams: Chemistry and Technology

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials