Population An Introduction to Concepts and Issues

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ISBN: 9780534627690 | 0534627692
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 7/27/2004

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Part I: DEMOGRAPHIC PERSPECTIVE. 1. Introduction to Demography. 2. Global Population Trends. 3. Demographic Perspectives. 4. Demographic Data. Part II: POPULATION PROCESSES. 5. The Mortality Transition. 6. The Fertility Transition. 7. The Migration Transition. Part III: POPULATION STRUCTURE AND CHARACTERISTICS. 8. The Age Transition. 9. Population Aging. 10. The Family and Household Transition. 11. The Urban Transition. Part IV: USING THE DEMOGRAPHIC PERSPECTIVE. 12. Population and the Environment. 13. Coping With Demographic Change.

PART ONE A DEMOGRAPHIC PERSPECTIVE

(146)

Introduction to Demography

(29)

What is Demography?

(3)

Why is Demography Important?

(8)

Terrorism and Regional Conflict

(1)

Essay: The Demography of Conflict in the Middle East

(2)

Armies of Children in Sub-Saharan Africa

(1)

Embracing and Hating Immigration

(2)

Globalization

(1)

Degradation of the Environment

(1)

The Danger of Demographic Fatigue

(1)

How Will You Use This Information?

(13)

Demographics of Politics

(4)

Demographics of Social Planning

(2)

Demographics of Business

(7)

Summary and Conclusion

(1)

Main Points

(1)

Suggested Readings

(1)

Web Sites of Interest

(2)

Global Population Trends

(36)

World Population Growth

(13)

A Brief History

(3)

How Fast is the World's Population Growing Now?

(2)

The Power of Doubling---How Fast Can Populations Grow?

(1)

Why Was Early Growth So Slow?

(1)

Why Are More Recent Increases So Rapid?

(1)

Are We Headed for a Population ``Implosion''?

(2)

How Many People Have Ever Lived?

(1)

Redistribution of the World's Population through Migration

(2)

Geographic Distribution of the World's Population

(1)

Global Variation in Population Size and Growth

(18)

North America

(5)

Essay: Boomsters versus Doomsters: Could Population Growth Become a Ponzi Scheme?

(4)

Mexico and Central America

(1)

South America

(1)

Europe

(1)

Northern Africa and Western Asia

(1)

Sub-Saharan Africa

(1)

East Asia

(2)

South and Southeast Asia

(1)

Oceania

(1)

Global Demographic Contrasts

(1)

Summary and Conclusion

(1)

Main Points

(1)

Suggested Readings

(1)

Web Sites of Interest

(1)

Demographic Perspectives

(41)

Premodern Population Doctrines

(8)

The Prelude to Malthus

(1)

The Malthusian Perspective

(6)

Causes of Population Growth

(1)

Consequences of Population Growth

(1)

Avoiding the Consequences

(1)

Critique of Malthus

(1)

Neo-Malthusians

(1)

The Marxian Perspective

(4)

Causes of Population Growth

(1)

Consequences of Population Growth

(1)

Essay: Who Are the Neo-Malthusians?

(2)

Critique of Marx

(1)

The Prelude to the Demographic Transition Theory

(3)

Mill

(1)

Dumont

(1)

Durkheim

(1)

The Theory of the Demographic Transition

(9)

Critique of the Demographic Transition Theory

(1)

Reformulation of the Demographic Transition Theory

(2)

The Theory of Demographic Change and Response

(2)

The Easterlin Relative Cohort Size Hypothesis

(1)

The Demographic Transition is Really a Set of Transitions

(5)

The Mortality Transition

100

(1)

The Fertility Transition

100

(1)

The Age Transition

101

(1)

The Migration Transition

102

(1)

The Urban Transition

102

(1)

The Family and Household Transition

102

(1)

Impact on Society

103

(1)

Summary and Conclusion

104

(1)

Main Points

105

(2)

Suggested Readings

107

(1)

Web Sites of Interest

107

(2)

Demographic Data

109

(38)

Sources of Demographic Data

110

(1)

Population Censuses

111

(21)

The Census of the United States

114

(14)

Essay: To Adjust or Not to Adjust---That Was the Question; Or Was It Much Ado About Nothing?

128

(2)

The Census of Canada

130

(1)

The Census of Mexico

131

(1)

Registration of Vital Events

132

(3)

Combining the Census and Vital Statistics

135

(1)

Administrative Data

135

(1)

Sample Surveys

136

(3)

Demographic Surveys in the United States

136

(1)

Canadian Surveys

137

(1)

Mexican Surveys

137

(1)

Demographic and Health Surveys

138

(1)

Demographic Surveillance Systems

138

(1)

European Surveys

138

(1)

Historical Sources

139

(1)

Demographic Uses of Geographic Information Systems

140

(2)

GIS and the U.S. Census Bureau

141

(1)

Where Can You Go For Information?

142

(1)

Summary and Conclusion

143

(1)

Main Points

144

(1)

Suggested Readings

145

(1)

Web Sites of Interest

146

(1)

PART TWO POPULATION PROCESSES

147

(170)

The Mortality Transition

149

(52)

Life Span and Longevity

150

(4)

Life Span

151

(1)

Longevity

152

(2)

Age and Sex Patterns of Mortality

154

(7)

Age Differentials in Mortality

154

(5)

Sex and Gender Differentials in Mortality

159

(2)

Causes of Death

161

(11)

Infectious and Parasitic Diseases

161

(6)

Degeneration from Chronic Diseases

167

(1)

Products of the Social and Economic Environment

168

(2)

The ``Real'' Causes of Death

170

(2)

Measuring Mortality

172

(7)

Crude Death Rate

172

(1)

Age/Sex-Specific Death Rates

172

(1)

Age-Adjusted Death Rates

173

(1)

Life Tables

173

(6)

The Mortality/Epidemiological Transition

179

(18)

Mortality Changes Over Time

179

(8)

Regional Differences in Mortality

187

(1)

Essay: Mortality Control and the Environment

188

(2)

Mortality Differences within Countries

190

(7)

Summary and Conclusion

197

(1)

Main Points

198

(1)

Suggested Readings

199

(1)

Web Sites of Interest

200

(1)

The Fertility Transition

201

(72)

What is Fertility?

203

(5)

The Biological Component

203

(3)

The Social Component

206

(2)

Measuring Fertility

208

(7)

Period Measures of Fertility

208

(5)

Cohort Measures of Fertility

213

(1)

Fertility Intentions

214

(1)

The Preconditions for a Decline in Fertility

215

(2)

How can Fertility be Controlled?

217

(2)

Proximate Determinants of Fertility

219

(17)

Limiting Exposure to Intercourse

220

(3)

Lowering the Risk of Conception

223

(8)

Ending a Pregnancy Before Birth

231

(3)

The Relative Important of the Proximate Determinants

234

(2)

Explanations for High Fertility

236

(4)

Need to Replenish Society

236

(2)

Children as Security and Labor

238

(1)

Desire for Sons

238

(2)

Motivations for Lower Fertility Levels

240

(7)

The Supply-Demand Framework

240

(5)

The Innovation/Diffusion and ``Cultural'' Perspective

245

(1)

The Role of Public Policy

246

(1)

How is the Fertility Transition Accomplished?

247

(4)

Essay: Reproductive Rights, Reproductive Health, and the Fertility Transition

248

(3)

Regional Differences in the Fertility Transition

251

(3)

Case Studies in the Fertility Transition

254

(14)

United Kingdom and Other European Nations

254

(4)

China

258

(2)

The United States

260

(6)

Jordan

266

(2)

Summary and Conclusion

268

(1)

Main Points

269

(2)

Suggested Readings

271

(1)

Web Sites of Interest

272

(1)

The Migration Transition

273

(44)

Defining Migration

275

(1)

Internal and International Migrants

276

(1)

Measuring Migration

277

(4)

Stocks versus Flows

278

(1)

Migration Indices

279

(2)

The Migration Transition Within Countries

281

(10)

Why Do People Migrate

282

(3)

Who Migrates?

285

(3)

Where Do People Migrate within Their Own Country?

288

(3)

Migration Between Countries

291

(19)

Why Do People Migrate Internationally?

292

(2)

Who Migrates Internationally?

294

(1)

Migration Origins and Destinations

295

(1)

Essay: Is Migration a Crime? Illegal Immigration in Global Context

296

(11)

Consequences of Migration

307

(3)

Forced Migration

310

(2)

Refugees

310

(2)

Slavery

312

(1)

Summary and Conclusion

312

(2)

Main Points

314

(1)

Suggested Readings

315

(1)

Web Sites of Interest

316

(1)

PART THREE POPULATION STRUCTURE AND CHARACTERISTICS

317

(174)

The Age Transition

319

(46)

The Concepts of Age and Age Cohorts

320

(6)

The Concepts of Sex and Gender

326

(3)

Measuring the Dynamics of the Age Transition

329

(10)

Population Pyramids

329

(1)

Average Age and Dependency Ratio

329

(2)

Growth Rates by Age

331

(2)

Stable and Stationary Populations

333

(1)

Population Projections

334

(5)

The Age Transition

339

(14)

The Dynamics of the Age Transition

340

(6)

Essay: Baby Boom, Oil Boom, and Social Change in Saudi Arabia

346

(3)

Where Does Migration Fit In?

349

(4)

Age Transitions at Work

353

(9)

The Impact of Age Structure on Population Processes

353

(1)

Population Momentum

354

(1)

Reading an Age Structure

355

(4)

The Progression from a Young to an Old Age Structure

359

(3)

Summary and Conclusion

362

(1)

Main Points

363

(1)

Suggested Readings

363

(1)

Web Sites of Interest

364

(1)

Population Aging

365

(36)

What is Old?

366

(2)

Population Aging

368

(8)

How Many Older People Are There?

368

(3)

Where Are the Older Populations?

371

(2)

The Effect of Declining Mortality

373

(1)

The Effect of Declining Fertility

374

(1)

The Effect of Migration

375

(1)

Individual Aging as a Factor in Population Aging

376

(6)

Biological Aspects of Aging

376

(2)

Social Aspects of Aging

378

(4)

The Social Context of Aging and the Life Course

382

(3)

The Sex and Age Structure of the Older Population

385

(12)

The Feminization of Old Age

385

(1)

The Third Age (The Young-Old)

386

(2)

Essay: Who Will Pay for Baby Boomers to Retire in the Richer Countries?

388

(7)

The Fourth Age (The Old-Old)

395

(1)

Centenarians and Rectangularization---Is This the End of the Age Transition?

396

(1)

Summary and Conclusion

397

(1)

Main Points

398

(1)

Suggested Readings

399

(1)

Web Sites of Interest

399

(2)

The Family and Household Transition

401

(51)

Defining Family Demography and Life Chances

403

(2)

The Family and Household Transition

405

(5)

Household Composition and Family Structure

405

(4)

Gender Equity and the Empowerment of Women

409

(1)

Proximate Determinants of Family and Household Changes

410

(11)

Delayed Marriage Accompanied by Leaving the Parental Nest

410

(2)

Essay: How Does the Age Transition Promote a Delay in Marriage?

412

(4)

Cohabitation

416

(1)

Out-of-Wedlock Births

417

(2)

Childlessness

419

(1)

Divorce

419

(1)

Widowhood

420

(1)

The Combination of These Determinants

420

(1)

Changing Life Chances

421

(23)

Education

422

(3)

Labor Force Participation

425

(3)

Occupation

428

(1)

Income

429

(6)

Wealth

435

(3)

Race and Ethnicity

438

(4)

Religion

442

(2)

The Intersection of Changing Life Chances and the Family and Household Transition

444

(3)

Summary and Conclusion

447

(1)

Main Points

448

(2)

Suggested Readings

450

(1)

Web Sites of Interest

450

(2)

The Urban Transition

452

(39)

What is Urban?

454

(2)

An Overview of Urbanization

456

(3)

Precursors to Modern Urbanization

456

(2)

Current Patterns of Urbanization

458

(1)

The Proximate Determinants of the Urban Transition

459

(13)

Internal Rural-to-Urban Migration

460

(1)

Natural Increase

461

(4)

International Urbanward Migration

465

(1)

Reclassification

465

(1)

Metropolitanization and Agglomeration

466

(1)

Essay: NIMBY and BNANA---The Politics of Urban Sprawl in America

466

(6)

The Urban Transition in the Context of the Demographic Transition

472

(5)

The Urban Hierarchy

473

(1)

An Illustration from Mexico

474

(2)

An Illustration from China

476

(1)

The Urban Evolution That Accompanies the Urban Transition

477

(8)

Suburbanization

478

(2)

Residential Segregation

480

(2)

The Impact of Urban Crowding

482

(3)

Cities as Sustainable Environments

485

(3)

Summary and Conclusion

488

(1)

Main Points

489

(1)

Suggested Readings

490

(1)

Web Sites of Interest

490

(1)

PART FOUR USING THE DEMOGRAPHIC PERSPECTIVE

491

(102)

Population and the Environment

493

(47)

Economic Development---The Use and Abuse of Resources

495

(3)

Economic Development Compared to Economic Growth

496

(1)

Measuring GNI and Purchasing Power Parity

496

(2)

How is Population Related to Economic Development?

498

(8)

Is Population Growth a Stimulus to Economic Development?

502

(2)

Is Population Growth Unrelated to Economic Development?

504

(1)

Is Population Growth Detrimental to Economic Development?

505

(1)

The Bottom Line for the Future: Can Billions More People Be Fed?

506

(11)

The Relationship between Economic Development and Food

507

(2)

Extensification---Increasing Farmland

509

(2)

Intensification---Increasing Per-Acre Yield

511

(4)

How Many People Can Be Fed?

515

(2)

By-Products of Development---Degradation of the Environment

517

(8)

Environmental Concepts and Definitions

518

(1)

Damage to the Lithosphere---Polluting the Ground

518

(2)

Damage to the Atmosphere---Polluting the Air

520

(1)

Damage to the Hydrosphere---Water Supply and Water Quality

521

(2)

Assessing the Damage Attributable to Population Growth

523

(2)

Sustainable Development---Possibility or Oxymoron?

525

(10)

The Impact of Each of the Transitions

527

(3)

Are We Overshooting Our Carrying Capacity?

530

(2)

Essay: How Big Is Your Ecological Footprint?

532

(3)

Summary and Conclusion

535

(2)

Main Points

537

(1)

Suggested Readings

538

(1)

Web Sites of Interest

539

(1)

Coping With Demographic Change

540

(53)

Policies Designed to Influence the Transitions

542

(7)

Assessing the Future

543

(1)

Establishing a Goal

544

(5)

World Population Conferences as Policy Tools

549

(7)

World Population Conferences of Population Experts

549

(1)

The 1974 World Population Conference---Bucharest

550

(1)

The 1984 International Population Conference---Mexico City

551

(1)

The Build-Up to the Cairo Conference

552

(1)

The Role of Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs)

552

(1)

The 1994 International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD)---Cairo

553

(2)

The 1999 Cairo +5 Meeting---The Hague

555

(1)

No More Conferences?

555

(1)

Population Conferences in the Context of Demographic Theory

555

(1)

Population Policy in the Twenty-First Century---Managing the Transitions

556

(19)

Managing the Mortality Transition---A Perpetual Engine of Growth

556

(3)

Managing the Fertility Transition---Can We Take the Chance That It Will Happen Without Help?

559

(10)

Managing the Migration/Urban Transition---The Changing Face of the World

569

(2)

Managing the Age Transition---The Perpetual Engine of Change

571

(4)

Managing the Family and Household Transition---The Engine of Freedom

575

(1)

What is the Population Policy of the United States?

575

(12)

Domestic Policy Regarding Fertility

577

(1)

Essay: Is There a Demographic Dimension to Sustaining Socialist Political/Economic Systems?

578

(3)

Domestic Policy Regarding Gender Equity

581

(1)

Domestic Policy Regarding Immigration

582

(4)

International Policy

586

(1)

What Lies Ahead?

587

(1)

Summary and Conclusion

588

(1)

Main Points

589

(1)

Suggested Readings

590

(1)

Web Sites of Interest

590

(3)

Appendix Population Data for the World, Keyed to Figure 2.1

593

(6)

Glossary

599

(16)

Bibliography

615

(40)

Indexes

655

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Population An Introduction to Concepts and Issues

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials