Pottery Analysis: A Sourcebook

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ISBN: 9780226711164 | 0226711161
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 12/1/2005

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A rich and comprehensive sourcebook,PotteryAnalysisdraws together diverse approaches to the study of potteryarchaeological, ethnographic, stylistic, functional, and physicochemical. Prudence M. Rice uses pottery as a starting point for insights into people and culture and examines in detail the methods for studying these fired clay vessels that have been used worldwide from prehistoric times to the present.Pottery Analysisis a classic in its field as well as an invaluable reference for all students of archaeology and ancient culture.

List of Figures

List of Tables

xix

Preface

xxi

Part 1 Introduction

Pottery and Its History

(28)

Pottery and Ceramics: Definitions and Products

(3)

History of Pottery and Ceramics

(18)

Pottery and Ceramics in the Old World

(1)

The Near East

(2)

The Far East

(5)

Europe and the Mediterranean

(2)

Pottery in the New World

(5)

Overview of Pottery Studies

(2)

References

(5)

Part 2 The Raw Materials of Pottery Making

Clays: Their Origin and Definitions

(23)

Earth Materials

(4)

Feldspars, Weathering, and Clay Origins

(1)

Definitions of Clays

(15)

Depositional Situation of Clays

(2)

Granulometry of Clays

(2)

Chemical Definitions of Clays

(3)

Mineralogical Definitions of Clays

(2)

Phyllosilicates

(5)

Lath-Structure Clays

(1)

Commercial Uses of Clays

(1)

Functional Definitions of Clays

(2)

References

(1)

Properties of Clays I: The Clay/Water System

(26)

The Clay/Water System

(4)

Plasticity

(5)

Factors Influencing Plasticity

(2)

Measuring Plasticity

(3)

Drying and Shrinkage

(9)

Water in the System

(2)

Processes of Drying and Shrinkage

(2)

Drying Defects and Green Strength

(4)

Measuring Shrinkage

(1)

Inclusions and Impurities

(6)

Coarse Inclusions

(4)

Colloids, Ions, and Organics

(2)

References

(2)

Properties of Clays II: Firing Behavior

(33)

Variables of Firing

(6)

Physical and Chemical Changes in Firing

(16)

Loss of Volatiles

(3)

Changes in the Clay Minerals

(3)

Changes in Inclusions and Impurities

(1)

Quartz

(2)

Feldspar

(1)

Calcium

(1)

Glaze Formation

(4)

Summary

102

(8)

The Thermal Reaction Sequence

102

(2)

The Fired Product: Stresses and Defects

104

(3)

Some Considerations of Firing Technology

107

(3)

References

110

(3)

Part 3 Pottery Manufacture and Use

Pottery Manufacturing Technology: An Ethnographic Overview

113

(55)

Ethnographic Pottery Studies

113

(2)

Obtaining and Preparing Resources

115

(9)

Tools and Techniques

115

(5)

Ethnographic Examples

120

(4)

Forming, Finishing, and Decorating

124

(28)

Forming: Tools and Techniques

124

(1)

Hand Building and Molding

125

(3)

Throwing

128

(4)

Supports and Rotational Devices

132

(4)

Finishing: Tools and Techniques

136

(5)

Forming and Finishing: Ethnographic Examples

141

(3)

Surface Enhancement

144

(1)

Surface Penetration or Displacement

144

(3)

Additions to the Surface

147

(5)

Drying and Firing

152

(14)

Tools and Techniques

152

(1)

Nonkiln Firing

153

(5)

Kiln Firing

158

(5)

Postfiring Treatments

163

(1)

Ethnographic Examples

164

(2)

References

166

(2)

Pottery Economics: Perspectives on Production and Distribution

168

(39)

Anthropology and Commodity Production

168

(8)

Economic Anthropological Literature

169

(1)

Concepts in the Study of Production

170

(2)

Ethnographic Overview: A Focus on Firing

172

(1)

Firing Loss Rates

173

(1)

Fuel Costs

174

(2)

Issues in the Study of Pottery Production

176

(15)

Location of Production

177

(3)

Organization of Production

180

(1)

Scale of Production

180

(2)

Mode of Production

182

(1)

Models of Production and Specialization

183

(8)

Distribution and Exchange

191

(10)

Ethnographic Overview

191

(6)

Archaeological Approaches and Models of Distribution

197

(4)

Variability in Ceramic Products

201

(3)

Summary and Conclusions

204

(1)

References

205

(2)

Vessel Function: Form, Technology, and Use

207

(37)

Vessel Function

207

(4)

Kinds of Vessel Functions

208

(2)

Determining Vessel Function

210

(1)

Vessel Form: Relating Form and Function

211

(15)

Anatomy of a Vessel

212

(3)

Description of Form

215

(1)

Inferred Use Classifications

215

(2)

Vessel Contour Classifications

217

(2)

Geometric or Volume Classifications

219

(3)

Reconstructing Form from Sherds

222

(2)

Use-Related Properties: Capacity, Stability, Accessibility, and Transportability

224

(2)

Composition and Properties: Relating Technology to Use

226

(6)

Thickness

227

(1)

Resistance to Mechanical Stress

228

(1)

Thermal Behavior

228

(2)

Permeability/Porosity/Density

230

(2)

Surface Treatment

232

(1)

Direct Evidence of Use

232

(4)

Identification of Contents

232

(2)

Use Wear

234

(1)

Fireclouding and Sooting

235

(1)

Summary: Form, Technology, and Use

236

(6)

Vessel Functions

237

(4)

Vessel Forms

241

(1)

References

242

(2)

Pottery Decorative Styles and Stylistic Analysis

244

(30)

What Is Style?

244

(8)

Origins of Styles

245

(1)

Terminology of Styles

246

(3)

Analysis and Interpretation of Decorative Styles in Pottery

249

(3)

Design Elements and Interaction

252

(6)

Critiques of the Interaction Theory

254

(3)

Critiques of the Element Analysis Method

257

(1)

Alternative Approaches to Style

258

(11)

Symmetry Analysis

260

(4)

Design Structure Analysis

264

(2)

Information, Diversity, and Symbols

266

(3)

Summary: Additional Considerations and Problems

269

(3)

Problems of Method

269

(1)

Problems of Interpretation

270

(2)

References

272

(2)

Special Topics in Archaeological, Ethnoarchaeological, and Ethnographic Pottery Studies

274

(35)

Pottery Classification

274

(14)

Devised Classifications

275

(2)

Folk Classifications

277

(5)

Issues in Archaeological Pottery Classification

282

(1)

Descriptive and Chronological Systematics

282

(1)

Are Types ``Real'' or ``Artificial''?

283

(2)

Statistical Approaches to Classification

285

(1)

What Is the Purpose of Classification?

286

(1)

Summary

287

(1)

Pottery Quantification

288

(5)

Sampling

289

(1)

Counts, Weights, and Vessel Equivalents

290

(3)

Assemblage Composition and Site Formation Processes

293

(13)

Ceramic Assemblages

293

(1)

Ethnographic Ceramic Censuses

293

(7)

Archaeological Approaches to Assemblages

300

(1)

Site Formation Processes

301

(5)

References

306

(3)

Part 4 Characterization Studies of Pottery

Ceramic Characterization: An Introduction

309

(22)

Characterization

309

(1)

Technological Ceramic Studies

310

(7)

Historical Background

310

(3)

Technological Properties

313

(1)

Ceramic Ecology

314

(3)

Research Design Considerations

317

(10)

Identifying Problems

317

(1)

Selecting a Sample

318

(1)

Sampling Resources

319

(2)

Sampling Sherd Collections

321

(3)

Sampling for Analysis

324

(2)

Selecting Methods of Analysis

326

(1)

Interpreting Technological and Characterization Studies

327

(2)

References

329

(2)

The Color of Ceramic Materials

331

(16)

Human Perception of Color

331

(2)

Source of the Property and Its Variability

333

(6)

Organic Matter

334

(1)

Iron Compounds

335

(1)

Other Colorants

336

(1)

Glaze Colorants

337

(2)

Measuring Color

339

(4)

Estimating Firing Conditions from Color

343

(2)

References

345

(2)

Physical, Mechanical, and Thermal Properties of Pottery

347

(24)

Microstructure

348

(2)

Porosity

350

(4)

Hardness and Strength

354

(9)

Hardness

354

(3)

Strength

357

(6)

Thermal Properties and Stresses

363

(7)

Thermal Properties

364

(2)

Factors Influencing Thermal Stress Resistance

366

(1)

Intrinsic Properties

366

(1)

Temperature

367

(1)

Microstructure

367

(1)

Shape and Design

368

(2)

References

370

(1)

Mineralogical and Chemical Characterization of Pottery

371

(35)

Objectives and Sampling: Additional Considerations

371

(4)

Mineralogical Analysis

375

(14)

Petrographic Characterization

376

(1)

Some Principles of Optical Crystallography

376

(1)

The Polarizing Microscope

377

(2)

Petrographic Methods

379

(3)

X-Ray Diffraction

382

(4)

Thermal Analysis

386

(2)

Other Methods of Mineral Identification

388

(1)

Chemical Analysis

389

(11)

Classical Methods

391

(1)

Physical Methods

391

(1)

Optical Emission Spectroscopy

392

(1)

X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy

393

(2)

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

395

(1)

Neutron Activation Analysis

396

(2)

X-Ray Milliprobe

398

(1)

Proton-Induced X-Ray Emission

398

(1)

Mossbauer Spectroscopy

398

(2)

X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

400

(1)

Structural and Microstructural Characterization

400

(4)

Electron Microscopy

400

(1)

Transmission and Scanning Electron Microscopes

401

(1)

Electron Microprobe

402

(1)

X-Ray Radiography

403

(1)

References

404

(2)

Special Topics in Ceramic Characterization Studies

406

(43)

What Is ``Temper''?

406

(7)

Problems in Terminology

408

(1)

Distinguishing Natural from Added Substances

409

(2)

Alternative Terms

411

(2)

Provenience Studies

413

(13)

Assumptions and Procedures

413

(5)

Confounding Issues in Provenience Studies

418

(1)

Selecting Elements for Analysis

419

(2)

Comparing Sherds and Clays

421

(3)

Provenience and Production

424

(2)

Archaeothermometry: Estimating Firing Temperature

426

(9)

Physical Properties

427

(3)

Chemical Analysis

430

(1)

Mineralogy

430

(2)

Thermal Analysis

432

(2)

Summary

434

(1)

Dating and Authentication

435

(10)

Relative Dating

436

(2)

Chronometric Dating

438

(1)

Radiocarbon Dating

438

(1)

Archaeomagnetic Dating

439

(1)

Thermoluminescence Dating

440

(3)

Authentication

443

(2)

References

445

(4)

Part 5 Epilogue

Continuity and Change in the Modern World

449

(22)

Change in Pottery Systems

449

(10)

Changes in the Products: The ``Arts of Acculturation''

450

(6)

Changes in the Society

456

(3)

Continuity in Pottery Systems

459

(7)

Continuity in the Society

461

(3)

Continuity in the Products

464

(2)

Implications for Archaeology

466

(3)

References

469

(2)

Glossary

471

(16)

References

487

(56)

Index

543

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Pottery Analysis: A Sourcebook

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials