Power System Quality Assessment

This is a comprehensive and timely volume on power quality assessment and system reliability, a topic of increasing importance because of the dependence of modern life upon the continuous supply of electrical energy. Effective prediction and monitoring of voltage and current waveforms has become critical and this indispensable book introduces power engineers to the state of the art in power quality assessment and also covers system simulation and signal detection. Features include: * Comprehensive analysis of the main power quality problems and review of power quality standards * Examination of computer methods in use for power system simulation at harmonic frequencies * Discussion of modern signal processing techniques and their application to power quality instrumentation * Combination of continuous real-time monitoring and system simulation to achieve global power quality estimation and locate the main distorting sources. Practising engineers involved in power system design and operation will find this a valuable reference. Postgraduates and researchers studying power systems and power electronics will appreciate the clear and comprehensive coverage of the latest analytical techniques.

Jos Arrillaga is an experienced author, now an Emeritus Professor from the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Canterbury, New Zealand. He has written 10 books, including five for Wiley on the topic of electrical power systems, such as Power System Harmonics, Second Edition, Computer Modelling of Electrical Power Systems, Second Edition and High Voltage Direct Current Transmission. He has also written over 350 journal and conference papers. During the course of his career he has supervised around 50 PhD and 60 MSc/ME theses, most of them on the subject of high voltage direct current transmission, and he has also participated and convened several working groups. In 1997 he was awarded the Uno Lamm medal for outstanding contributions to HVDC transmission and he was in the New Years Honours list as a member of the New Zealand order of Merit.

Preface

xi

Introduction

1

(18)

General Purpose

1

(1)

Disturbances

1

(4)

Voltage Dips (SAGS)

2

(1)

Brief Interruptions

2

(1)

Brief Voltage Increases (SWELLS)

3

(1)

Transients

3

(2)

Voltage Notches

5

(1)

Unbalance

5

(1)

Distortion

6

(5)

Small Sources

8

(1)

Large and Random Sources

8

(1)

Static Converters

9

(2)

Voltage Fluctuations

11

(1)

Flicker

12

(3)

Causes of Flicker

14

(1)

Effects of Flicker

15

(1)

Quality Assessment

15

(1)

Power Quality State Estimation

16

(1)

References

16

(3)

Power Quality Indices and Standards

19

(32)

Introduction

19

(1)

Classification of Power Quality Phenomena

20

(4)

Disturbances

24

(10)

High-frequency Disturbances: Transients

24

(4)

Low-frequency Disturbances: Dips, Interruptions and Swells

28

(2)

CBEMA and ITI Curves

30

(3)

R.M.S. Variation Indices

33

(1)

Waveform Distortions

34

(10)

Harmonics

35

(3)

Harmonic Indices

38

(2)

Interharmonics

40

(2)

Harmonic Phase-angle Measurement

42

(1)

Harmonic Symmetrical Components

43

(1)

Notching

43

(1)

Voltage Unbalance

44

(1)

Voltage Fluctuation and Flicker

44

(4)

Summary

48

(1)

References

48

(3)

Power Assessment Under Waveform Distortion

51

(14)

Introduction

51

(1)

Single-phase Definitions

51

(5)

Illustrative Examples

54

(2)

Three-phase Definitions

56

(6)

Illustrative Examples

58

(4)

Summary

62

(1)

References

62

(3)

Waveform Processing Techniques

65

(48)

Introduction

65

(1)

Fundamental Frequency Characterisation

65

(7)

Curve-fitting Algorithm (CFA)

66

(2)

Curve-fitting Implementation

68

(3)

Frequency Estimates

71

(1)

R.M.S. Error Assessment

71

(1)

Fourier Analysis

72

(18)

Fourier Series and Coefficients

72

(2)

Simplifications Resulting from Waveform Symmetry

74

(3)

Complex Form of the Fourier Series

77

(2)

Convolution of Harmonic Phasors

79

(2)

The Fourier Transform

81

(2)

Sampled Time Functions

83

(1)

Discrete Fourier Transform

84

(2)

The Nyquist Frequency and Aliasing

86

(2)

Fast Fourier Transform

88

(2)

Window Functions

90

(9)

The Picket Fence

92

(1)

Spectral Leakage Reduction

93

(1)

Choice of Window Function

93

(3)

Mainlobe Width Reduction

96

(1)

Application to Interharmonic Analysis

97

(2)

Efficiency of FFT Algorithms

99

(5)

The Radix-2 FFT

99

(1)

Mixed-radix FFT

100

(1)

Real-valued FFTs

101

(1)

Partial FFTs

102

(2)

Alternative Transforms

104

(6)

The Wavelet Transform

105

(4)

Automation of Disturbance Recognition

109

(1)

Summary

110

(1)

References

110

(3)

Power Quality Monitoring

113

(58)

Introduction

113

(1)

Transducers

113

(5)

Current Transformers

114

(1)

Voltage Transformers

115

(3)

Power Quality Instrumentation

118

(14)

System Requirements

119

(6)

System Structure Designs

125

(5)

Synchronisation of Sampling Processes Across Multiple Input Channels

130

(1)

Data Transmission

131

(1)

Harmonic Monitoring

132

(8)

Sampling for the FFT

133

(3)

Anti-aliasing Filtering

136

(1)

The FFT Implementation

137

(1)

(Quasi) Steady-state Harmonic Measurements

138

(1)

Interharmonics Measurement

139

(1)

Phase-angle Measurement

139

(1)

Transients Monitoring

140

(3)

Wavelet Detection

141

(2)

Event Recording

143

(1)

Flicker Monitoring

144

(11)

The IEC Flickermeter

144

(2)

Digital, Time-domain-based Flickermeter

146

(3)

Digital, f-domain-based Flickermeter

149

(2)

Arc-furnace Flicker Measurement

151

(1)

Steady-state Flicker Estimation

151

(4)

Assessment of Voltage and Current Unbalance

155

(1)

Examples of Application

156

(11)

South Island (NZ) Synchronised Tests

156

(7)

Group-connected HV d.c. Converter Test

163

(4)

Summary

167

(1)

References

167

(4)

Evaluation of Power System Harmonic Distortion

171

(58)

Introduction

171

(1)

Direct Harmonic Analysis

172

(4)

Incorporation of Harmonic Voltage Sources

174

(1)

Cascading Sections

174

(2)

Experimental Derivation of the Network Harmonic Impedances

176

(3)

Use of Existing Sources (On-line Non-invasive Tests)

176

(1)

Direct Injection (On-line Invasive Tests)

177

(1)

Analysis of Transient Waveforms (On-line Non-invasive Tests)

177

(2)

Representation of Individual Power System Components

179

(29)

The Overhead Transmission Line

179

(10)

Evaluation of Transmission Line Parameters

189

(4)

Underground and Submarine Cables

193

(3)

Three-phase Transformer Models

196

(5)

Generator Modelling

201

(1)

Shunt Elements

201

(1)

Series Elements

202

(1)

Distribution and Load System Modelling

202

(6)

Implementation of the Harmonic Analysis

208

(11)

Harmonic Penetration Overview

208

(1)

Computer Implementation

208

(1)

Program Structure

209

(3)

Data Structure

212

(2)

Database Format

214

(5)

Development Environment

219

(1)

Post-Processing and Display of Results

219

(7)

Post-Processing for Telephone Interference

220

(5)

Post-Processing for Test Results Comparisons

225

(1)

Summary

226

(1)

References

227

(2)

Power Quality State Estimation

229

(38)

Introduction

229

(2)

Harmonic Measurement---State Variable Model

231

(4)

Building Up the Measurement Matrix

232

(2)

Virtual and Pseudo-Measurements

234

(1)

Observability Analysis

235

(10)

Example of Application

238

(4)

Partially-Observable HSE

242

(1)

Conversion to a Real-valued Problem

242

(3)

III-conditioning

245

(1)

Further Capabilities of Harmonic State Estimation

245

(4)

Optimal Placement of Measurements

245

(1)

Bad-Data Analysis

246

(1)

Hierarchical HSE

246

(1)

Real-Time HSE

247

(1)

Enhanced Implementation

248

(1)

Test System and Results

249

(14)

Load and Harmonic Source Identification

258

(5)

Summary

263

(1)

References

264

(3)

Appendix I Signal Processing for Digital Instruments

267

(6)

I.1 Data Sampling

267

(1)

I.2 Signal Quantisation

268

(1)

I.3 Anti-Aliasing FIR Filter Design

269

(2)

I.4 References

271

(2)

Appendix II Continuous Harmonic Analysis in Real Time (CHART)

273

(4)

II.1 Bibliography

276

(1)

Appendix III Least Squares Fitting

277

(4)

III.1 Basic Method

277

(1)

III.2 Weighted Least Squares

278

(1)

III.3 Bibliography

279

(2)

Appendix IV Singular Value Decomposition (SVD)

281

(4)

IV.1 General Considerations

281

(1)

IV.2 SVD Factorisation

282

(1)

IV.3 Numerical Example

282

(1)

IV.4 Bibliography

283

(2)

Appendix V Kalman Filtering

285

(2)

V.1 Bibliography

286

(1)

Appendix VI HSE Demonstration

287

(10)

Index

297

What is included with this book?

The New copy of this book will include any supplemental materials advertised. Please check the title of the book to determine if it should include any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.

The Used, Rental and eBook copies of this book are not guaranteed to include any supplemental materials. Typically, only the book itself is included. This is true even if the title states it includes any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.

FREE SHIPPING

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Power System Quality Assessment

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials