Practical Guide to Diagnostic Parasitology

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ISBN: 9781555811549 | 155581154X
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 5/1/1999

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Designed as a training aid for laboratorians this volume supplements the large standard textbooks in clinical parasitology, containing brief and easily accessible summaries of diagnostic procedures and organism morphology. The book offers descriptions of the parasites with clear illustrations, both diagrammatic and photographic. The emphasis throughout is on practical information and the book is full of "how to" tips gleaned from the author's own experience of many years in the clinical laboratory.

Preface

Acknowledgments

xvii

SECTION 1 Philosophy and Approach to Diagnostic Parasitology

(10)

Why Perform This Type of Testing?

(1)

Travel

(1)

Control Issues

(1)

Epidemiologic Considerations

(1)

Compromised Patients

(1)

Approach to Therapy

(1)

Who Should Perform Diagnostic Parasitology Testing?

(1)

Laboratory Personnel

(1)

Nonlaboratory Personnel

(1)

Where Should Diagnostic Parasitology Testing Be Performed?

(2)

Inpatient Setting

(1)

Outpatient or Referral Setting

(1)

Decentralized Setting

(1)

Physician Office Laboratories

(1)

Over-the-Counter (Home Care) Testing

(1)

Field Sites

(1)

What Factors Should Precipitate Testing?

(1)

Travel History

(1)

Immune Status of the Patient

(1)

Clinical Symptoms

(1)

Documented Previous Infection

(1)

Contact with Infected Individuals

(1)

Screening

(1)

Occupational Screening

(1)

Therapeutic Failure

(1)

What Testing Should Be Performed?

(2)

Screening Tests

(1)

Routine Methods

(1)

Special Testing

(1)

Other (Nonmicrobiological) Testing

(1)

What Factors Should Be Considered When Developing Test Menus?

(3)

Physical Plant

(1)

Client Base

(1)

Customer Requirements and Perceived Levels of Service

(1)

Personnel Availability and Level of Expertise

(1)

Equipment

(1)

Budget

(2)

SECTION 2 Parasite Classification and Relevant Body Sites

(12)

Protozoa (Intestinal)

(1)

Amebae

(1)

Flagellates

(1)

Ciliates

(1)

Coccidia

(1)

Microsporidia

(1)

Protozoa (Other Body Sites)

(1)

Amebae

(1)

Flagellates

(1)

Coccidia

(1)

Microsporidia

(1)

Protozoa (Blood and Tissue)

(1)

Sporozoa

(1)

Flagellates

(1)

Nematodes (Intestinal)

(1)

Nematodes (Tissue)

(1)

Nematodes (Blood and Tissue)

(1)

Cestodes (Intestinal)

(1)

Cestodes (Tissue)

(1)

Trematodes (Intestinal)

(1)

Trematodes (Liver and Lung)

(1)

Trematodes (Blood)

(1)

Pentastomids

(1)

Acanthocephala

(6)

Classification of Human Parasites

(2)

Cosmopolitan Distribution of Common Parasitic Infections

(1)

Body Sites and Possible Parasites Recovered

(1)

SECTION 3 Collection Options

(18)

Safety

(1)

Collection of Fresh Stool Specimens

(2)

Collection Method

(1)

Number of Specimens

(1)

Collection Times

(1)

Specimen Type, Stability, and Preservation

(1)

Preservation of Stool Specimens

(7)

Formalin

(1)

Sodium Acetate-Acetic Acid-Formalin (SAF)

(1)

Schaudinn's Fluid

(1)

Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)

(1)

Modified PVA

(1)

Single-Vial Collection Systems

(1)

Quality Control for Preservatives

(1)

Procedure Notes

(1)

Procedure Limitations

(1)

Collection of Blood

(1)

Collection of Specimens from Other Body Sites

(7)

Table 3.1 Fecal Specimens for Parasites: Options for Collection and Processing

(2)

Preservatives and Procedures Commonly Used in Diagnostic Parasitology (Stool Specimens)

(1)

Body Sites and Specimen Collection

(2)

SECTION 4 Specimen Test Options: Routine Diagnostic Methods and Body Sites

(18)

O&P Examination of Stool Specimens

(1)

Other Diagnostic Methods for Stool Specimens

(2)

Culture of Larval-Stage Nematodes

(1)

Estimation of Worm Burdens through Egg Counts

(1)

Hatching Test for Schistosome Eggs

(1)

Screening Stool Samples for Recovery of a Tapeworm Scolex

(1)

Testing of Other Intestinal Tract Specimens

(2)

Examination for Pinworm

(1)

Sigmoidoscopy Material

(1)

Duodenal Drainage

(1)

Duodenal Capsule Technique (Entero-Test)

(1)

Urogenital Tract Specimens

(1)

Sputum

(1)

Aspirates

(1)

Biopsy Specimens

(1)

Blood

(3)

Thin Blood Films

(1)

Thick Blood Films

(1)

Blood Staining Methods

(1)

Buffy Coat Films

(1)

QBC Microhematocrit Centrifugation Method

(1)

ParaSight F Test

(1)

Knott Concentration

(1)

Membrane Filtration Technique

(1)

Culture Methods

(1)

Animal Inoculation and Xenodiagnosis

(1)

Antigen and Antibody Detection

(6)

Body Sites, Specimens, and Test Options

(2)

Serologic, Antigen, or Probe Tests Used in the Diagnosis of Parasitic Infections

(1)

SECTION 5 Specific Test Procedures and Algorithms

(114)

Microscopy

(3)

Calibration of the Microscope

(3)

O&P Examination

(36)

Direct Wet Fecal Smear

(7)

Sedimentation Concentration (Formalin-Ethyl Acetate)

(4)

Flotation Concentration (Zinc Sulfate)

(6)

Permanent Stained Smear

(2)

Trichrome Stain

(6)

Iron Hematoxylin Stain (Spencer-Monroe Method)

(5)

Iron Hematoxylin Stain (Tompkins-Miller Method)

(2)

Modified Iron Hematoxylin Stain (Incorporating Carbol Fuchsin Step)

(2)

Polychrome IV Stain

(1)

Chlorazol Black E Stain

(2)

Specialized Stains for Coccidia and Microsporidia

(16)

Kinyoun's Acid-Fast Stain (Cold Method)

(3)

Modified Ziehl-Neelsen Acid-Fast Stain (Hot Method)

102

(5)

Modified Trichrome Stain for Microsporidia (Weber, Green)

107

(2)

Modified Trichrome Stain for Microsporidia (Ryan, Blue)

109

(4)

Modified Trichrome Stain for Microsporidia (Kokoskin, Hot Method)

113

(2)

Larval Nematode Culture

115

(8)

Harada-Mori Filter Paper Strip Culture

115

(2)

Baermann Concentration

117

(3)

Agar Plate Culture for Strongyloides Stercoralis

120

(3)

Other Methods for Gastrointestinal Tract Specimens

123

(11)

Examination for Pinworm (Cellulose Tape Preparations)

123

(2)

Sigmoidoscopy Specimens (Direct Wet Smear)

125

(4)

Sigmoidoscopy Specimens (Permanent Stained Smear)

129

(2)

Duodenal Aspirates

131

(3)

Methods for Urogenital Tract Specimens

134

(11)

Direct Saline Mount

134

(3)

Permanent Stained Smear

137

(3)

Urine Concentration (Centrifugation)

140

(2)

Urine Concentration (Nuclepore Membrane Filter)

142

(3)

Preparation of Blood Films

145

(9)

Thin Blood Films

145

(2)

Thick Blood Films

147

(2)

Combination Thick-Thin Blood Films

149

(2)

Giemsa Stain

151

(3)

Blood Concentration

154

(19)

Buffy Coat Concentration

154

(2)

Knott Concentration

156

(2)

Membrane Filtration Concentration

158

(15)

Procedure for Processing Fresh Stool for the O&P Examination

162

(1)

Procedure for Processing Liquid Specimens for the O&P Examination

163

(1)

Procedure for Processing Preserved Stool for the O&P Examination

164

(1)

Use of SAF-Preserved Stool for the O&P Examination

165

(1)

Use of Various Fixatives and Their Recommended Stains

166

(1)

Ordering Algorithm for Laboratory Examination for Intestinal Parasites

167

(1)

Procedure for Processing Blood for Examination for Parasites

168

(1)

Body Site, Specimen, and Recommended Stain(s)

169

(4)

SECTION 6 Commonly Asked Questions about Diagnostic Parasitology

173

(10)

Specimen Collection

174

(2)

Intestinal Tract

174

(1)

Blood

175

(1)

Tissues or Fluids

175

(1)

Fixatives

175

(1)

Specimen Processing

176

(1)

O&P Examination

176

(1)

Diagnostic Methods

177

(3)

Direct Wet Examinations

177

(1)

Concentrations

177

(1)

Permanent Stains

178

(1)

Blood Smear Stains

179

(1)

Organism Identification

180

(1)

Protozoa

180

(1)

Helminths

180

(1)

Blood Parasites

181

(1)

Reporting

181

(1)

Organism Identification

181

(1)

Quantitation

181

(1)

Proficiency Testing

182

(1)

Wet Preparations

182

(1)

Permanent Stained Smears

182

(1)

Blood Films

182

(1)

SECTION 7 Parasite Identification

183

(94)

Protozoa

184

(54)

Amebae (Intestinal)

184

(14)

Entamoeba histolytica

184

(2)

Entamoeba dispar

186

(2)

Entamoeba hartmanni

188

(2)

Entamoeba coli

190

(2)

Endolimax nana

192

(2)

Iodamoeba butschlii

194

(2)

Blastocystis hominis

196

(2)

Flagellates (Intestinal)

198

(10)

Giardia lamblia

198

(2)

Dientamoeba fragilis

200

(2)

Chilomastix mesnili

202

(2)

Trichomonas hominis

204

(2)

Enteromonas hominis, Retortamonas intestinalis

206

(2)

Ciliates (Intestinal)

208

(2)

Balantidium coli

208

(2)

Coccidia (Intestinal)

210

(6)

Cryptosporidium parvum

210

(2)

Cyclospora cayetanensis

212

(2)

Isospora belli

214

(2)

Microsporidia (Intestinal)

216

(4)

Enterocytozoon bieneusi

216

(2)

Encephalitozoon intestinalis, Encephalitozoon spp.

218

(2)

Sporozoa (Blood and Tissue)

220

(10)

Plasmodium vivax

220

(2)

Plasmodium falciparum

222

(2)

Plasmodium malariae

224

(2)

Plasmodium ovale

226

(2)

Babesia spp.

228

(2)

Flagellates (Blood and Tissue)

230

(6)

Leishmania spp.

230

(2)

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, T. brucei rhodesiense

232

(2)

Trypanosoma cruzi

234

(2)

Flagellates (Other Body Sites)

236

(2)

Trichomonas vaginalis

236

(2)

Nematodes

238

(14)

Intestinal

238

(10)

Ascaris lumbricoides

238

(2)

Trichuris trichiura

240

(2)

Necator americanus, Ancylostoma duodenale (Hookworms)

242

(2)

Strongyloides stercoralis

244

(2)

Enterobius vermicularis

246

(2)

Tissue

248

(2)

Trichinella spiralis

248

(2)

Blood and Tissue

250

(2)

Filarial Worms

250

(2)

Cestodes

252

(14)

Intestinal

252

(12)

Taenia saginata

252

(2)

Taenia solium

254

(2)

Diphyllobothrium latum

256

(2)

Hymenolepis nana

258

(2)

Hymenolepis diminuta

260

(2)

Dipylidium caninum

262

(2)

Tissue

264

(2)

Echinococcus granulosus

264

(2)

Trematodes

266

(11)

Intestinal

266

(2)

Fasciolopsis buski

266

(2)

Liver and Lungs

268

(6)

Paragonimus westermani, Paragonimus mexicanus

268

(2)

Fasciola hepatica

270

(2)

Clonorchis sinensis

272

(2)

Blood

274

(2)

Schistosoma spp. (S. mansoni, S. haematobium, S. japonicum, S. mekongi)

274

(2)

Photo/Illustration Credits (Section 7)

276

(1)

SECTION 8 Identification Aids

277

(66)

Tables 8.1 to 8.35

278

(51)

Identification Keys 8.1 to 8.4

329

(4)

Life Cycles

333

(2)

Figures 8.1 to 8.6

335

(8)

Index

343

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Practical Guide to Diagnostic Parasitology

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials