A Practical Guide to Particle Counting for Drinking Water Treatment

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ISBN: 9781566703062 | 1566703069
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 7/31/2000

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"?much needed and long overdue?I have literally handled hundreds of customer calls which ranged through a wide gamut of difficulties and applications challenges. A great majority of these calls could have been avoided had the end user read just the first section of Mr. Broadwell's book?its appeal will span the gamut between the researcher and designing engineer to the actual day to day operator."-

Part I

Particle Counting Basics

(198)

What is a Particle Counter?

(1)

Particle Counters vs. Particle Sizers

(1)

Types of Particle Counters

(1)

Light-Based Particle Counters

(1)

Electrical Conductivity Particle Counters

(1)

Principles of Operation

(6)

Light-Based Instruments

(1)

Light-Scattering Sensor

(1)

Light-Blocking Sensor

(2)

The Rest of the System

(2)

Conductivity-Based Instruments

(1)

Familiar Ground

(4)

Turbidimeters

(1)

Relative Measurement

(1)

Absolute Measurement

(1)

Turbidimeter Operation

(1)

Particle Counters and Turbidimeters

(1)

Similarities

(1)

Differences

(1)

Particle Counters and Turbidimeters Are Complementary

(1)

Grab Sample or Continuous Online?

(1)

Applications for Drinking Water Treatment

Why Use Particle Counters for Drinking Water Treatment?

(1)

Cryptosporidium and Giardia

(1)

Particle Counters and Cryptosporidium and Giardia

(1)

Surrogate Measurement

(1)

Log Removal

(1)

Improving Filter Performance

(4)

Filter Run Time

(2)

Process Optimization

(3)

Flocculation

(1)

High Rating Filters

(1)

Process Application

(3)

Conventional Treatment

(1)

Direct Filtration

(1)

Pilot Plants

(1)

Membrane Plants

(1)

Packaged Treatment Plants

(1)

Groundwater

(1)

Wastewater Applications

(2)

Tertiary Treatment

(1)

Reuse

(1)

Ultraviolet (UV) Disinfection

(1)

Installation, Operation, and Maintenance

Choosing Proper Sample Locations

(4)

Representative Sample

(1)

Short Sample Lines

(1)

Sample Line Materials

(1)

Valves, Pumps, and Manifolds

(1)

Temporary or Shared Sample Locations

(1)

Practical Considerations

(1)

Sample Flow

(5)

Maintaining Constant Head

(2)

Mounting the Constant-Head Overflow Weir for Best Operation

(1)

Other Flow Devices

(1)

Direct-Reading Rotometers

(1)

Low-Flow Detector

(1)

Electronic Flowmeters

(1)

Determining the Best Approach

(1)

Operation and Maintenance

(6)

Maintenance Schedule

(1)

Unscheduled Maintenance Problems

(1)

Maintenance Log

(1)

Maintenance Checklist

(1)

Flow Maintenance

(1)

Cleaning

(1)

Coatings on Flow Cell Windows

(1)

Clogs and Flow Cell Obstruction

(1)

Maintaining Sample Tubing

(1)

Strainers

(1)

Pilot Plants and Other Special Applications

(1)

Calibration

(4)

Particle Counter Calibration

(1)

Particle Counter Calibration Verification

(1)

Maintaining Calibration

(3)

Collecting Data

Data Collection

(1)

Data Presentation

(2)

Trend Display

(1)

Trend Particle Counters with Other Plant Data

(1)

Other Data Displays

(1)

Data Reporting

(1)

Historical Data

(1)

System Structure

(8)

Turnkey System

(1)

Turnkey System with Additional Inputs

(1)

Particle Counter Tied Directly to the Plant SCADA System

(1)

Particle Counters Integrated Directly into SCADA

(2)

Hybrid Approaches

(1)

4 to 20 mA Problems Current Loops

(1)

Digital vs. Analog

(1)

Specific Sources of Error in 4 to 20 mA Current Loops

(1)

Special 4 to 20 mA Problems in Particle Counting

(3)

Grab Sampling

Particle Counter Grab-Sampler Operating Principles

(1)

Grab-Sample Particle Counting vs. Online Counting

(3)

Reasons for Choosing Grab Samplers Over Online Particle Counters

(1)

Drawbacks to Grab-Sample Particle Counting

(1)

Sample Handling

(1)

Grab Sampling Presents a Partial Picture

(1)

Data Handling

(1)

Benefits of Grab Samplers

(1)

Alternatives to Grab Sampling

(1)

Grab-Sampler Sample Handling

(5)

Sample Preparation

(1)

Sample Storage and Shipping

(1)

Running the Sample

(1)

Sample Dilution

(1)

Concentration Limits of the Particle Counter

(1)

Dilution Test

(1)

Diluents and Background Counts

(1)

Data Handling

(1)

Preparing a Workable Approach

(1)

Operator Training

(1)

Procedures

(1)

Data Presentation

(1)

Preventing Entropy

(1)

Maintaining a Consistent Sampling Pattern

(1)

Conclusion

(4)

Part II Understanding the Technology

Specifications

Sensitivity

(1)

Signal-to-Noise Ratio

(2)

Resolution

(1)

Coincidence

(1)

Sizing Range

(1)

Sample Flow Range

(1)

Flow Cell Dimensions

(1)

Volumetric

(2)

Particle Sensor Construction

Flow Cell

(1)

Cell Windows

(1)

Sample Fittings

(1)

Laser/Optical Assembly

(2)

Particle Counter Electronics

Laser Driver

(1)

Detector Circuit

(1)

Counting Electronics

(4)

Voltage Comparator

(2)

Setting Comparator Size Thresholds

(1)

Analog-to-Digital Conversion

(1)

Pulse Height Analysis

(1)

Power Supply

(3)

Auxiliary Features

Diagnostic Signals, Alarms, and Displays

(1)

Sample Flow Regulation

(1)

Analog Inputs

(1)

Discrete Inputs

(1)

Analog Outputs

(2)

4 to 20 mA Basics

(1)

Signal Power and Isolation

(1)

Output Scaling

(1)

Discrete Outputs

(1)

Enclosure

(2)

Serial Data Output

Basics of Serial Communications

(1)

Definitions

100

(1)

SCADA Interface

101

(1)

Particle Counter Communication Protocol

102

(1)

Data Configuration

102

(1)

Timing and Control

102

(1)

Remote Programming

103

(1)

Communications Drivers

103

(1)

Sorting Out the Options

104

(3)

Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE)

104

(1)

Networked File Sharing

104

(1)

Central Controller Unit

105

(2)

Computerized Data Collection

Computer Basics

107

(6)

Platforms

107

(1)

Operating Systems

107

(1)

Processor

108

(1)

Memory

108

(1)

Storage Media

109

(1)

Hard Disk

109

(1)

Floppy Diskette

109

(1)

CD ROM

110

(1)

Other Permanent Storage Media

110

(1)

Communications Ports

110

(1)

Serial Port

110

(1)

Parallel Port

111

(1)

Network Card

111

(1)

USB

111

(1)

Additional Components

112

(1)

Motherboard

112

(1)

Mouse and Keyboard

112

(1)

Display

113

(1)

Modem

113

(1)

Computer Requirements for Particle Counting Systems

113

(4)

Computer Selection Guidelines

114

(1)

Purpose

114

(1)

Performance

114

(1)

Computer Brand

115

(1)

Recommended Computer for Particle Counting Systems

115

(1)

Power Conditioning

116

(1)

Operating System

116

(1)

Computer Components

116

(1)

Backup

116

(1)

Support Software

117

(1)

Modem

117

(1)

Networking

117

(1)

Data Management

117

(2)

Reporting

118

(1)

Upgrading Equipment and Software

119

(1)

Networking and Remote Communications

120

(1)

Putting It All Together

The Treatment Plant

121

(1)

Size and Future Plans

121

(1)

Staff

122

(1)

Treatment Process

122

(1)

Equipment Features

122

(5)

Packaging

123

(1)

Sensor Characteristics

123

(1)

Flow Cell

124

(1)

Sensor Performance

124

(1)

Counter Features

124

(1)

User-Selectable Size Ranges

124

(1)

Type of Counting Circuitry

125

(1)

Auxiliary Inputs

125

(1)

Flow Regulation

125

(1)

Data Collection and Presentation

125

(1)

Trend Display

125

(1)

Alarm Display

126

(1)

Reporting

126

(1)

Historical Data

126

(1)

Grab Samplers

Equipment Features

127

(4)

Sample Delivery System

127

(1)

Portable Grab Samplers

127

(1)

Pressurized Batch Samplers

128

(1)

Packaging

129

(1)

Counting Electronics

129

(1)

Computer Interface

129

(1)

Hardware

129

(1)

Software

130

(1)

Calibration

Calibration: An Inexact Science

131

(1)

Calibration Materials

131

(1)

Particle Size Calibration

132

(2)

Calibration Curve

134

(1)

Count Matching

134

(2)

Field Verification of Calibration

136

(2)

Size Verification

136

(1)

Particle Sample Introduction

137

(1)

Grab-Sampler Comparison

137

(1)

Displaying Count Data

137

(1)

Count Verification

138

(1)

Some Unresolved Issues

138

(5)

Part III Assessing the Equipment

Specifications

Met One PCX

143

(1)

Chemtrac PC2400D

143

(1)

ART Instruments

143

(1)

IBR WPCS

143

(4)

Particle Sensor Construction

Flow Cell

147

(2)

Met One

147

(1)

Chemtrac

148

(1)

ARTI

149

(1)

IBR

149

(1)

Cell Windows

149

(1)

Sample Fittings

149

(1)

Laser/Optical Assembly

150

(1)

Particle Counter Electronics

Counting Electronics

151

(1)

Met One

151

(1)

Chemtrac

152

(1)

ARTI and IBR

152

(1)

Power Supply

152

(1)

Auxiliary Features

Diagnostic Signals, Alarms, and Displays

153

(1)

Chemtrac

153

(1)

Met One

153

(1)

IBR

154

(1)

ARTI

154

(1)

Sample Flow Regulation

154

(2)

Constant-Head Overflow Weir

154

(1)

Chemtrac and Met One

154

(1)

IBR

155

(1)

ARTI

155

(1)

Flow Measurement and Alarm

155

(1)

Chemtrac

155

(1)

Met One

155

(1)

IBR

156

(1)

ARTI

156

(1)

Analog Inputs

156

(1)

Chemtrac

156

(1)

Met One

156

(1)

IBR

157

(1)

ARTI

157

(1)

Discrete Inputs

157

(1)

Chemtrac

157

(1)

ARTI

157

(1)

Met One and IBR

157

(1)

Analog Outputs

158

(1)

Met One

158

(1)

Model PCT Analog Output Units

158

(1)

Model PCX Serial Output Unit

158

(1)

Chemtrac Model 2400D Serial Output Unit

158

(1)

IBR

159

(1)

ARTI

159

(1)

Discrete Outputs

159

(1)

Met One

159

(1)

ARTI

159

(1)

IBR and Chemtrac

159

(1)

Enclosures and Packaging

159

(4)

Chemtrac Systems

160

(1)

ARTI

160

(1)

Met One

160

(1)

IBR

161

(2)

Serial Communications

Interface

163

(1)

Protocols

164

(2)

Manufacturer's Software

Overview of Available Software

166

(1)

Met One

166

(1)

Chemtrac

166

(1)

ARTI

166

(1)

IBR

167

(1)

Features

167

(19)

Data Presentation

167

(1)

Trend Display

168

(1)

Scaling and Configuration

168

(4)

Time Period

172

(4)

Tabular Data Display

176

(1)

Status Display and Alarms

177

(6)

Event Log

183

(1)

Reporting

183

(1)

WQS and TracWare

183

(3)

Intellitest

186

(1)

Aquarius

186

(1)

Configuring the Software

186

(5)

Particle Sensor Arrangement

188

(1)

Size Thresholds

188

(1)

Passwords and Security

188

(1)

Additional Features

189

(1)

Print Features

189

(1)

Histograms

189

(1)

Removal Calculations

189

(2)

The Complete System

The Treatment Plant/Application

191

(1)

Equipment Features

192

(3)

Packaging

192

(1)

Sensor Characteristics

193

(1)

Counter Electronics

193

(1)

Software

193

(1)

Experience

194

(1)

Grab Samplers

Equipment Features

195

(6)

Sample Delivery System

195

(1)

Packaging

196

(2)

Counting Features

198

(1)

Computer Interface

199

(2)

Particle Counting from a Market Perspective

201

(8)

Preparing Bid Specifications

Competitive Bidding

205

(1)

Prequalification and Alternate Bids

206

(2)

Alternate Bids

206

(1)

Prequalification

207

(1)

Avoiding Pitfalls

208

(1)

Appendix 1: Manufacturer Listing

209

(2)

Appendix 2: Application Papers and Books on Particle Counting

211

(2)

Index

213

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A Practical Guide to Particle Counting for Drinking Water Treatment

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials