Practical Model-Based Testing

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ISBN: 9780123725011 | 0123725011
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 11/27/2006

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Testing is vitally important in the software development process, and no new product would ever go to market without serious testing. But with today's technological advances, pressure to market quickly, and stiff competition, standard testing simply doesn't cut it anymore; "old-school" testing methods take too much time and aren't sufficiently reliable. Smart and innovative developers use model-based testing-a breakthrough in software testing that uses state-of-the-art tools to automatically generate tests from a model of the software product.

Preface	p. XIII
About the Authors	p. XIX
The Challenge	p. 1
What Do We Mean by Testing?	p. 3
What Is Model-Based Testing?	p. 6
A Smart Card Example	p. 10
Summary	p. 17
Further Reading	p. 17
The Pain and the Gain	p. 19
Classic Testing Processes	p. 19
A Manual Testing Process	p. 20
A Capture/Replay Testing Process	p. 22
A Script-Based Testing Process	p. 23
A Keyword-Driven Automated Testing Process	p. 24
Solved and Remaining Problems	p. 25
The Model-Based Testing Process	p. 26
Models: Build or Borrow?	p. 31
Your Maturity Level	p. 33
Your Testing Maturity Level	p. 33
Your Modeling Maturity Level	p. 34
Hypothetical Case: Total Testing Hours	p. 35
Assumptions	p. 36
Conclusions	p. 38
Model-Based Testing Experience Reports	p. 40
Model-Based Testing at IBM	p. 40
Model-Based Testing at Microsoft	p. 41
Model-Based Testing in the Smart Card Industry	p. 43
Model-Based Testing in the Automotive Industry	p. 47
Benefits of Model-Based Testing	p. 48
SUT Fault Detection	p. 48
Reduced Testing Cost and Time	p. 49
Improved Test Quality	p. 50
Requirements Defect Detection	p. 51
Traceability	p. 52
Requirements Evolution	p. 54
Limitations of Model-Based Testing	p. 54
Summary	p. 56
Further Reading	p. 56
A Model of Your System	p. 59
How to Model Your System	p. 60
Notations for Modeling	p. 62
Choosing a Notation	p. 64
A Case Study	p. 66
DVM Requirements	p. 66
DVM High-level Design	p. 66
Transition-Based Models	p. 69
Finite State Machines	p. 69
Overview and History of Statecharts	p. 70
UML State Machines	p. 72
The UML Object Constraint Language	p. 75
Pre/Post Models in B	p. 78
The Complete B Method	p. 78
A Simple Drink Vending Machine	p. 79
Overview of B Machines	p. 82
The B Toolkit	p. 85
A Richer DVM Model	p. 91
Other Pre/Post Notations	p. 98
Summary	p. 103
Further Reading	p. 104
Selecting Your Tests	p. 107
Structural Model Coverage	p. 110
Control-Flow-Oriented Coverage Criteria	p. 111
Data-Flow-Oriented Coverage Criteria	p. 114
Transition-Based Coverage Criteria	p. 115
UML-Based Coverage Criteria	p. 120
Data Coverage Criteria	p. 122
Boundary Value Testing	p. 123
Statistical Data Coverage	p. 127
Pairwise Testing	p. 128
Fault-Based Criteria	p. 130
Requirements-Based Criteria	p. 131
Explicit Test Case Specifications	p. 132
Statistical Test Generation Methods	p. 133
Combining Test Selection Criteria	p. 133
Summary	p. 136
Further Reading	p. 136
Testing from Finite State Machines	p. 139
Testing Qui-Donc with a Simple FSM	p. 140
Informal Requirements	p. 140
Modeling Qui-Donc with an FSM	p. 141
Generating Tests	p. 148
Complete Testing Methods	p. 155
EFSMs and the ModelJUnit Library	p. 157
Extended Finite State Machines	p. 157
The ModelJUnit Library	p. 160
An EFSM Model of Qui-Donc	p. 162
Unit Testing ZLive with EFSMs	p. 167
The System under Test: ZLive FlatPred	p. 168
A Family of Models	p. 169
Encoding FlatPredModel in Java	p. 175
Test Results	p. 179
Labeled Transition Systems Models	p. 182
Summary	p. 183
Further Reading	p. 184
Testing from Pre/Post Models	p. 187
How to Write Pre/Post Models for Testing	p. 188
Adding Requirements Tags	p. 191
The System Process Scheduler Example	p. 192
Functional Requirements	p. 192
Modeling the Scheduler	p. 194
An Introduction to Test Targets	p. 200
Test Selection for the Scheduler	p. 203
Understanding the Test Targets	p. 204
Test Case Generation Using LTG/B	p. 205
Traceability between Requirements and Test Cases	p. 207
Generating More Tests	p. 208
The Triangle Example	p. 214
Informal Specification and Formal Models	p. 214
The High-Level Triangle Model	p. 215
Test Generation for Compound Decisions	p. 217
Evaluation of the Generated Test Suites	p. 227
Robustness Testing from a Pre/Post Model	p. 233
Syntactic Modeling and Format Testing	p. 234
Testing a Chat System with Spec Explorer	p. 237
An Overview of Spec Explorer	p. 240
The Chat System	p. 242
The Spec# Model	p. 242
Test Generation with Spec Explorer	p. 245
Summary	p. 248
Further Reading	p. 250
Testing from UML Transition-Based Models	p. 251
UML Modeling Notations	p. 252
Testing an eTheater with LTG/UML	p. 253
Requirements	p. 253
Assumptions for the Test Model	p. 257
A UML Model of eTheater	p. 257
Generating Tests Using LEIRIOS LTG/UML	p. 261
Generating Better Test Suites	p. 263
Testing a Protocol with Qtronic	p. 266
Protocol	p. 267
Model	p. 267
Importing the Model into Qtronic	p. 277
Connecting Qtronic to the SUT	p. 277
Generating and Running Tests	p. 279
Summary	p. 280
Further Reading	p. 281
Making Tests Executable	p. 283
Principles of Test Adaptation	p. 284
The Adaptation Approach	p. 286
The Transformation Approach	p. 288
Which Approach Is Better?	p. 290
Example: The eTheater System	p. 291
Transforming Tests into Ruby	p. 295
Writing a Ruby Adapter for eTheater	p. 297
Executing the eTheater Tests	p. 300
Summary	p. 303
Further Reading	p. 303
The GSM 11.11 Case Study	p. 305
Overview of the GSM 11.11 Standard	p. 306
Selected Files	p. 307
Security Aspects	p. 308
Selected Commands	p. 309
Modeling GSM 11.11 in B	p. 311
Abstracting the Behavior	p. 311
The Data Model	p. 312
The Operational Model	p. 316
Validation and Verification of the B Model	p. 321
Validation by Animation	p. 321
Model Verification	p. 322
Generating Tests with LTG/B	p. 323
Model Coverage Criteria and Test Generation Parameters	p. 324
Computing Test Targets	p. 324
Generating Test Cases	p. 327
Generating Executable Scripts	p. 327
LTG Test Script Generator	p. 328
GSM 11.11 Adaptation Layer	p. 332
Test Execution	p. 334
Summary	p. 337
Further Reading	p. 338
The ATM Case Study	p. 339
Overview of the ATM System	p. 340
Modeling the ATM System in UML	p. 344
Class Diagrams	p. 344
Modeling Behavior with State Machines and OCL	p. 349
Comparing the Design and Test Models	p. 355
Generating Test Cases	p. 357
Initial State for Test Generation	p. 357
Generation of Test Cases	p. 359
Discussion	p. 359
Generating Executable Test Scripts	p. 364
Executing the Tests	p. 365
Summary	p. 370
Further Reading	p. 370
Putting It into Practice	p. 371
Prerequisites for Model-Based Testing	p. 371
Selecting a Model-Based Testing Approach	p. 373
People, Roles, and Training	p. 377
Model-Based Testing and Agile Methods	p. 380
Test-Driven Development	p. 380
Acceptance Tests and the Iterative Process	p. 381
Agile Modeling	p. 382
Model-Based Testing and the Unified Process	p. 382
Introducing the Unified Process	p. 383
Extending the Unified Process with Model-Based Testing	p. 384
Epilogue	p. 387
Model-Based Testing	p. 387
Future Trends	p. 388
Summary of B Abstract Machine Notation	p. 391
Machine Structure	p. 391
Logical Predicates (P, Q)	p. 392
Numbers (n, m)	p. 392
Sets (S, T)	p. 392
Relations (r)	p. 393
Functions (f)	p. 393
Commands and Substitutions (G H, I, J)	p. 393
Summary of Common OCL Constructs	p. 397
Basic OCL Types	p. 397
OCL Collections	p. 398
Commercial Tools	p. 401
Glossary	p. 405
Bibliography	p. 409
Index	p. 419
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Practical Model-Based Testing

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