Preventing Harmful Substance Use The evidence

The prevention of harm from drug use, both legal and illegal, is a major concern to government departments and clinicians throughout the world. Recently, much new research has been conducted regarding global levels and patterns of drug-related harm, on common risk factors with other social problems (e.g. mental health, crime) and on the effectiveness of wide range of intervention strategies. There is a need to summarise and synthesise this new knowledge for use in a range of disciplines. Preventing Harmful Substance Use offers the most comprehensive and up-to-date advice available on the prevention of drug and alcohol abuse. Contributors provide authoritative, science-based reviews of knowledge on their areas of expertise, and make clear recommendations for the future of prevention policy and practice. A final section draws the work together and offers a framework for an integrated science of prevention.

Paul J. Gruenewald is a Senior Research Scientist and Scientific Director of Prevention Research Center (PRC) in Berkeley, California, a division of the US-based Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation (PIRE). Research at PIRE is funded by games and contracts from the National Institutes of Health, National Institutes of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, the Center for Substance Abuse Prevention, and other national, state, local and private funding agencies. Dr. Gruenewald is Principal Investigator of a Center grant funded by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism to study “Environmental Approaches to Prevention”, and a Merit award recipient for his studies of “Alcohol Outlets and Violence.

Wendy Loxley is an Associate Professor at the National Drug Research Institute, at Curtin University of Technology in Perth, Western Australia, where she ahs been employed for fifteen years. Much of her early research career was concerned with addressing the risk of blood-borne viruses to Australian injecting drug users, and she has been involved in a number of large quantitative studies exploring this issue. Other research experiences include monitoring illicit drug use among police detainees, the evaluation of community-based approaches to drug law enforcement, and the use of testing and vaccination to prevent hepatitis C and other blood-borne viruses among injectors.

Tim Stockwell is currently Director of the Centre for Addictions Research of BC, Canada, and, until mid-2004, was Director of Australia’s National Drug Research Institute based at Curtin University in Western Australia. He recently co-edited the critically acclaimed Wiley book International Handbook of Alcohol Dependence and Problems with Nick Heather and Tim Peter. He has published widely in the field of addiction studies and has particular expertise in the areas of alcohol and other drug epidemiology and prevention policy.

John Winston Toumbourou is Associated Professor at the Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, and a Senior Researchers at the Center for Adolescent Health, within the Murdoch Children’s Research Institute. John is a founding member and the past Chair of the College of Health Psychologists within the Australian Psychological Society. He is a Principal Investigator on a number of studies investigating healthy youth development, including the Australian Temperament Project, and the International Youth Development study.

About the Editors

ix

Contributors

xi

Preface

xv

Acknowledgements

xvii

SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION

1

(16)

Editors: Tim Stockwell, Paul J. Gruenewald, John W. Toumbourou and Wendy Loxley

1.1 Preventing Risky Drug Use and Related Harms: The Need for a Synthesis of New Knowledge

3

(16)

Tim Stockwell, Paul J. Gruenewald, John W. Toumbourou and Wendy Loxley

SECTION 2 PATTERNS OF RISK AND RELATED HARMS

17

(62)

Editor: Tim Stockwell

2.1 Introduction

19

(6)

Tim Stockwell

2.2 The Global Burden of Disease Attributable to Alcohol, Tobacco and Illicit Drugs

25

(18)

Jürgen Rehm and Robin Room

2.3 Substance Use and Mental Health in Longitudinal Perspective

43

(10)

Maree Teesson, Louisa Degenhardt, Wayne Hall, Michael Lynskey, John W. Toumbourou and George Patton

2.4 Predicting Developmentally Harmful Substance Use

53

(14)

John W. Toumbourou and Richard F. Catalano

2.5 Population Ecologies of Drug Use, Drinking and Related Problems

67

(14)

Elizabeth LaScala, Bridget Freisthler and Paul J. Gruenewald

SECTION 3 INTERVENTIONS FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

79

(64)

Editor: John W. Toumbourou

3.1 Introduction

81

(6)

John W. Toumbourou

3.2 What Do We Know about Preventing Drug-Related Harm through Social Developmental Intervention with Children and Young People?

87

(14)

John W. Toumbourou, Jo Williams, Elizabeth Waters and George Patton

3.3 The Evidence Base for School Drug Education Interventions

101

(12)

Nyanda McBride

3.4 Alcohol Policy and Youth Drinking: Overview of Effective Interventions for Young People

113

(16)

Joel W. Grube and Peter Nygaard

3.5 Testing a Community Prevention Focused Model of Coalition Functioning and Sustainability: A Comprehensive Study of Communities That Care in Pennsylvania

129

(16)

Mark T. Greenberg, Mark E. Feinberg, Brendan J. Gomez and D. Wayne Osgood

SECTION 4 INTERVENTIONS IN THE COMMUNITY: ILLUSTRATIVE CASE STUDIES

143

(94)

Editor: Paul J. Gruenewald

4.1 Introduction

145

(4)

Paul J. Gruenewald

4.2 Community Systems and Ecologies of Drug and Alcohol Problems

149

(14)

Harold D. Holder, Andrew Treno and David Levy

4.3 Violence Prevention in Licensed Premises

163

(14)

Ben Haines and Kathryn Graham

4.4 Application of Evidence-Based Approaches to Community Interventions

177

(14)

Andrew J. Treno, Juliet P. Lee, Bridget Freisthler, Lillian G. Remer and Paul J. Gruenewald

4.5 Preventing Alcohol and Other Drug Problems in the Workplace

191

(16)

Richard Midford, Fredrik Welander and Steve Allsop

4.6 Effects of a Community Action Program on Problems Related to Alcohol Consumption at Licensed Premises

207

(18)

Eva Wallin and Sven Andréasson

4.7 Strategies for Community-Based Drug Law Enforcement: From Prohibition to Harm Reduction

225

(14)

Christopher Canty, Adam Sutton and Stephen James

SECTION 5 LEGISLATIVE AND REGULATORY PERSPECTIVES ON THE PREVENTION OF RISKY DRUG USE AND HARM

237

(70)

Editor: Wendy Loxley

5.1 Introduction

239

(6)

Wendy Loxley

5.2 Regulating Tobacco to Minimise Harms

245

(12)

Jonathan Liberman and Ron Borland

5.3 Intelligence-Led Regulation of Licensed Premises

257

(10)

Neil Donnelly and Suzanne Briscoe

5.4 Deterrence Theory and the Limitations of Criminal Penalties for Cannabis Use

267

(12)

Simon Lenton

5.5 Interventions for Illicit Drug Users Within the Criminal Justice System: A Review of Some Programmes in Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States

279

(12)

Wendy Loxley

5.6 Social Ecology and the Invention of New Regulatory Strategies for Preventing Drug and Alcohol Problems

291

(18)

Bridget Freisthler and Paul J. Gruenewald

SECTION 6 THE EVIDENCE BASE FOR PREVENTION IN BROAD PERSPECTIVE

307

(88)

Editor: Paul J. Gruenewald

6.1 Introduction

309

(4)

Paul J. Gruenewald

6.2 What is "Evidence", and Can We Provide It?

313

(12)

Robert F. Saltz

6.3 US Policy on Illegal Drugs: What We Don't Know Keeps Hurting us-A Perspective on Future Research Needs

325

(12)

James C. Anthony

6.4 Preventing Tobacco Use and Harm: What Is Evidence Based Policy?

337

(14)

Sandra Younie, Michelle Scollo, David Hill and Ron Borland

6.5 Moving Toward a Common Evidence Base for Alcohol and Other Drug Prevention Policy

351

(16)

Harold D. Holder and Andrew J. Treno

6.6 The Evidence Base for Preventing the Spread of Blood-Borne Diseases within and from Populations of Injecting Drug Users

367

(14)

Marcia Russell and Susan Carruthers

6.7 The Evidence Base for Responding to Substance Misuse in Indigenous Minority Populations

381

(16)

Dennis Gray and Sherry Saggers

SECTION 7 FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR PREVENTION POLICY AND RESEARCH

395

(70)

Editor: Tim Stockwell

7.1 Introduction

397

(4)

Tim Stockwell

7.2 Investing for Cost-Effectiveness in the Face of Uncertainty: Applying Financial Portfolio Optimization to Prevention Programming

401

(14)

Jonathan P. Caulkins

7.3 How Should Governments Spend the Drug Prevention Dollar?: A Buyer's Guide

415

(18)

Ted R. Miller and Delia Hendrie

7.4 Key Moments in the Ethnography of Drug-Related Harm: Reality Checks for Policy-Makers?

433

(10)

David Moore

7.5 Recommendations for New Directions in the Prevention of Risky Substance Use and Related Harms

443

(22)

Tim Stockwell, Paul J. Gruenewald, John W. Toumbourou and Wendy Loxley

Index

465

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Preventing Harmful Substance Use The evidence base for policy and practice

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials