Principles of Biostatistics (with CD-ROM)

Marcello Pagano and Kimberlee Gauvreau's PRINCIPLES OF BIOSTATISTICS, Second Edition is a concepts-based introduction to statistical procedures that prepares public health, medical, and life sciences students to conduct and evaluate research. With an engaging writing style and helpful graphics, the emphasis is on concepts over formulas or rote memorization. Throughout the book, the authors use practical, interesting examples with real data to bring the material to life.

Marcello Pagano: Harvard School of Public Health. Kimberlee Gauvreau: Harvard Medical School.

Introduction

1

(6)

Overview of the Text

2

(3)

Review Exercises

5

(2)

Bibliography

6

(1)

Data Presentation

7

(31)

Types of Numerical Data

7

(4)

Nominal Data

7

(2)

Ordinal Data

9

(1)

Ranked Data

10

(1)

Discrete Data

10

(1)

Continuous Data

11

(1)

Tables

11

(4)

Frequency Distributions

12

(1)

Relative Frequency

13

(2)

Graphs

15

(9)

Bar Charts

15

(1)

Histograms

16

(2)

Frequency Polygons

18

(2)

One-Way Scatter Plots

20

(1)

Box Plots

21

(1)

Two-Way Scatter Plots

22

(1)

Line Graphs

22

(2)

Further Applications

24

(6)

Review Exercises

30

(8)

Bibliography

36

(2)

Numerical Summary Measures

38

(28)

Measures of Central Tendency

38

(6)

mean

38

(3)

Median

41

(1)

Mode

42

(2)

Measures of Dispersion

44

(4)

Range

44

(1)

Interquartile Range

44

(2)

Variance and Standard Deviation

46

(2)

Coefficient of Variation

48

(1)

Grouped Data

48

(4)

Grouped Mean

49

(2)

Grouped Variance

51

(1)

Chebychev's Inequality

52

(2)

Further Applications

54

(5)

Review Exercises

59

(7)

Bibliography

64

(2)

Rates and Standardization

66

(31)

Rates

66

(4)

Standardization of Rates

70

(14)

Direct Method of Standardization

72

(2)

Indirect Method of Standardization

74

(1)

Use of Standardized Rates

75

(9)

Further Applications

84

(5)

Direct Method of Standardization

86

(1)

Indirect Method of Standardization

86

(3)

Review Exercises

89

(8)

Bibliography

95

(2)

Life Tables

97

(28)

Computation of the Life Table

97

(7)

Column 1

97

(2)

Column 2

99

(2)

Columns 3 and 4

101

(1)

Column 5

102

(1)

Column 6

103

(1)

Column 7

103

(1)

Applications of the Life Table

104

(3)

Years of Potential Life Lost

107

(4)

Further Applications

111

(5)

Review Exercises

116

(9)

Bibliography

124

(1)

Probability

125

(37)

Operations on Events and Probability

125

(4)

Conditional Probability

129

(2)

Bayes' Theorem

131

(4)

Diagnostic Tests

135

(9)

Sensitivity and Specificity

136

(1)

Applications of Bayes' Theorem

136

(4)

ROC Curves

140

(1)

Calculation of Prevalence

141

(3)

The Relative Risk and the Odds Ratio

144

(5)

Further Applications

149

(6)

Review Exercises

155

(7)

Bibliography

160

(2)

Theoretical Probability Distributions

162

(34)

Probability Distributions

162

(2)

The Binomial Distribution

164

(8)

The Poisson Distribution

172

(4)

The Normal Distribution

176

(9)

Further Applications

185

(6)

Review Exercises

191

(5)

Bibliography

194

(2)

Sampling Distribution of the Mean

196

(18)

Sampling Distributions

196

(1)

The Central Limit Theorem

197

(1)

Applications of the Central Limit Theorem

198

(6)

Further Applications

204

(6)

Review Exercises

210

(4)

Bibliography

213

(1)

Confidence Intervals

214

(18)

Two-Sided Confidence Intervals

214

(5)

One-Sided Confidence Intervals

219

(1)

Student's t Distribution

220

(5)

Further Applications

225

(2)

Review Exercises

227

(5)

Bibliography

230

(2)

Hypothesis Testing

232

(27)

General Concepts

232

(3)

Two-Sided Tests of Hypotheses

235

(3)

One-Sided Tests of Hypotheses

238

(1)

Types of Error

239

(4)

Power

243

(3)

Sample Size Estimation

246

(3)

Further Applications

249

(5)

Review Exercises

254

(5)

Bibliography

257

(2)

Comparison of Two Means

259

(26)

Paired Samples

260

(5)

Independent Samples

265

(7)

Equal Variances

266

(4)

Unequal Variances

270

(2)

Further Applications

272

(6)

Review Exercises

278

(7)

Bibliography

282

(3)

Analysis of Variance

285

(17)

One-Way Analysis of Variance

285

(7)

The Problem

285

(3)

Sources of Variation

288

(4)

Multiple Comparisons Procedures

292

(2)

Further Applications

294

(4)

Review Exercises

298

(4)

Bibliography

301

(1)

Nonparametric Methods

302

(21)

The Sign Test

302

(3)

The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test

305

(3)

The Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test

308

(4)

Advantages and Disadvantages of Nonparametric Methods

312

(1)

Further Applications

312

(5)

Review Exercises

317

(6)

Bibliography

321

(2)

Inference on Proportions

323

(19)

Normal Approximation to the Binomial Distribution

324

(1)

Sampling Distribution of a Proportion

325

(2)

Confidence Intervals

327

(2)

Hypothesis Testing

329

(1)

Sample Size Estimation

330

(2)

Comparison of Two Proportions

332

(3)

Further Applications

335

(3)

Review Exercises

338

(4)

Bibliography

341

(1)

Contingency Tables

342

(32)

The Chi-Square Test

342

(7)

2 x 2 Tables

342

(5)

r x c Tables

347

(2)

McNemar's Test

349

(3)

The Odds Ratio

352

(5)

Berkson's Fallacy

357

(3)

Further Applications

360

(6)

Review Exercises

366

(8)

Bibliography

372

(2)

Multiple 2 x 2 Tables

374

(24)

Simpson's Paradox

374

(2)

The Mantel-Haenszel Method

376

(11)

Test of Homogeneity

377

(4)

Summary Odds Ratio

381

(3)

Test of Association

384

(3)

Further Applications

387

(6)

Review Exercises

393

(5)

Bibliography

396

(2)

Correlation

398

(17)

The Two-Way Scatter Plot

398

(2)

Pearson's Correlation Coefficient

400

(4)

Spearman's Rank Correlation Coefficent

404

(3)

Further Applications

407

(5)

Review Exercises

412

(3)

Bibliography

414

(1)

Simple Linear Regression

415

(34)

Regression Concepts

415

(5)

The Model

420

(12)

The Population Regression Line

420

(2)

The Method of Least Squares

422

(3)

Inference for Regression Coefficients

425

(3)

Inference for Predicted Values

428

(4)

Evaluation of the Model

432

(6)

The Coefficient of Determination

432

(1)

Residual Plots

433

(2)

Transformations

435

(3)

Further Applications

438

(5)

Review Exercises

443

(6)

Bibliography

447

(2)

Multiple Regression

449

(21)

The Model

449

(9)

The Least-Squares Regression Equation

450

(2)

Inference for Regression Coefficients

452

(1)

Evaluation of the Model

453

(2)

Indicator Variables

455

(2)

Interaction Terms

457

(1)

Model Selection

458

(2)

Further Applications

460

(5)

Review Exercises

465

(5)

Bibliography

469

(1)

Logistic Regression

470

(18)

The Model

471

(5)

The Logistic Function

472

(1)

The Fitted Equation

473

(3)

Multiple Logistic Regression

476

(2)

Indicator Variables

478

(3)

Further Applications

481

(3)

Review Exercises

484

(4)

Bibliography

487

(1)

Survival Analysis

488

(26)

The Life Table Method

489

(6)

The Product-Limit Method

495

(4)

The Log-Rank Test

499

(4)

Further Applications

503

(8)

Review Exercises

511

(3)

Bibliography

512

(2)

Sampling Theory

514

Sampling Schemes

514

Simple Random Sampling

515

Systematic Sampling

515

Stratified Sampling

516

Cluster Sampling

517

Nonprobability Sampling

517

Sources of Bias

517

Further Applications

520

Review Exercises

524

Bibliography

525

Appendix A

Tables

A-1

Appendix B

Data Sets

B-1

Index

I-1

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Principles of Biostatistics (with CD-ROM)

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials