Principles of Optics: Electromagnetic Theory of Propagation, Interference and Diffraction of Light

, by Max Born , Emil Wolf , With contributions by A. B. Bhatia , P. C. Clemmow , D. Gabor , A. R. Stokes , A. M. Taylor , P. A. Wayman , W. L. Wilcock

$Principles of Optics: Electromagnetic Theory of Propagation, Interference and Diffraction of Light by Max Born , Emil Wolf , With contributions by A. B. Bhatia , P. C. Clemmow , D. Gabor , A. R. Stokes , A. M. Taylor , P. A. Wayman , W. L. Wilcock, 9780521642224$

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ISBN: 9780521642224 | 0521642221
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 10/13/1999

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Summary

Supplemental Materials

Principles of Optics is one of the classic science books of the twentieth century, and probably the most influential book in optics published in the past forty years. This edition has been thoroughly revised and updated, with new material covering the CAT scan, interference with broad-band light and the so-called Rayleigh-Sommerfeld diffraction theory. This edition also details scattering from inhomogeneous media and presents an account of the principles of diffraction tomography to which Emil Wolf has made a basic contribution. Several new appendices are also included. This new edition will be invaluable to advanced undergraduates, graduate students and researchers working in most areas of optics.

Historical introduction

xxv

I Basic properties of the electromagnetic field

(74)

1.1 The electromagnetic field

(10)

1.1.1 Maxwell's equations

(1)

1.1.2 Material equations

(2)

1.1.3 Boundary conditions at a surface of discontinuity

(3)

1.1.4 The energy law of the electromagnetic field

(4)

1.2 The wave equation and the velocity of light

(3)

1.3 Scalar waves

(10)

1.3.1 Plane waves

(1)

1.3.2 Spherical waves

(1)

1.3.3 Harmonic waves. The phase velocity

(3)

1.3.4 Wave packets. The group velocity

(5)

1.4 Vector waves

(14)

1.4.1 The general electromagnetic plane wave

(1)

1.4.2 The harmonic electromagnetic plane wave

(1)

(a) Elliptic polarization

(4)

(b) Linear and circular polarization

(2)

1.4.3 Harmonic vector waves of arbitrary form

(5)

1.5 Reflection and refraction of a plane wave

(16)

1.5.1 The laws of reflection and refraction

(2)

1.5.2 Fresnel formulae

(3)

1.5.3 The reflectivity and transmissivity; polarization on reflection and refraction

(6)

1.5.4 Total reflection

(5)

1.6 Wave propagation in a stratified medium. Theory of dielectric films

(21)

1.6.1 The basic differential equations

(3)

1.6.2 The characteristic matrix of a stratified medium

(3)

(a) A homogeneous dielectric film

(1)

(b) A stratified medium as a pile of thin homogeneous films

(1)

1.6.3 The reflection and transmission coefficients

(1)

1.6.4 A homogeneous dielectric film

(6)

1.6.5 Periodically stratified media

(5)

II Electromagnetic potentials and polarization

(41)

2.1 The electrodynamic potentials in the vacuum

(4)

2.1.1 The vector and scalar potentials

(2)

2.1.2 Retarded potentials

(2)

2.2 Polarization and magnetization

(9)

2.2.1 The potentials in terms of polarization and magnetization

(4)

2.2.2 Hertz vectors

(1)

2.2.3 The field of a linear electric dipole

(4)

2.3 The Lorentz-Lorenz formula and elementary dispersion theory

(14)

2.3.1 The dielectric and magnetic susceptibilities

(1)

2.3.2 The effective field

(2)

2.3.3 The mean polarizability: the Lorentz-Lorenz formula

(3)

2.3.4 Elementary theory of dispersion

(8)

2.4 Propagation of electromagnetic waves treated by integral equations

103

(13)

2.4.1 The basic integral equation

104

(1)

2.4.2 The Ewald-Oseen extinction theorem and a rigorous derivation of the Lorentz-Lorenz formula

105

(5)

2.4.3 Refraction and reflection of a plane wave, treated with the help of the Ewald-Oseen extinction theorem

110

(6)

III Foundations of geometrical optics

116

(26)

3.1 Approximation for very short wavelengths

116

(13)

3.1.1 Derivation of the eikonal equation

117

(3)

3.1.2 The light rays and the intensity law of geometrical optics

120

(5)

3.1.3 Propagation of the amplitude vectors

125

(2)

3.1.4 Generalizations and the limits of validity of geometrical optics

127

(2)

3.2 General properties of rays

129

(6)

3.2.1 The differential equation of light rays

129

(3)

3.2.2 The laws of refraction and reflection

132

(2)

3.2.3 Ray congruences and their focal properties

134

(1)

3.3 Other basic theorems of geometrical optics

135

(7)

3.3.1 Lagrange's integral invariant

135

(1)

3.3.2 The principle of Fermat

136

(3)

3.3.3 The theorem of Malus and Dupin and some related theorems

139

(3)

IV Geometrical theory of optical imaging

142

(86)

4.1 The characteristic functions of Hamilton

142

(10)

4.1.1 The point characteristic

142

(2)

4.1.2 The mixed characteristic

144

(2)

4.1.3 The angle characteristic

146

(1)

4.1.4 Approximate form of the angle characteristic of a refracting surface of revolution

147

(4)

4.1.5 Approximate form of the angle characteristic of a reflecting surface of revolution

151

(1)

4.2 Perfect imaging

152

(8)

4.2.1 General theorems

153

(4)

4.2.2 Maxwell's `fish-eye'

157

(2)

4.2.3 Stigmatic imaging of surfaces

159

(1)

4.3 Projective transformation (collineation) with axial symmetry

160

(7)

4.3.1 General formulae

161

(3)

4.3.2 The telescopic case

164

(1)

4.3.3 Classification of projective transformations

165

(1)

4.3.4 Combination of projective transformations

166

(1)

4.4 Gaussian optics

167

(11)

4.4.1 Refracting surface of revolution

167

(3)

4.4.2 Reflecting surface of revolution

170

(1)

4.4.3 The thick lens

171

(3)

4.4.4 The thin lens

174

(1)

4.4.5 The general centred system

175

(3)

4.5 Stigmatic imaging with wide-angle pencils

178

(3)

4.5.1 The sine condition

179

(1)

4.5.2 The Herschel condition

180

(1)

4.6 Astigmatic pencils of rays

181

(5)

4.6.1 Focal properties of a thin pencil

181

(1)

4.6.2 Refraction of a thin pencil

182

(4)

4.7 Chromatic aberration. Dispersion by a prism

186

(7)

4.7.1 Chromatic aberration

186

(4)

4.7.2 Dispersion by a prism

190

(3)

4.8 Radiometry and apertures

193

(11)

4.8.1 Basic concepts of radiometry

194

(5)

4.8.2 Stops and pupils

199

(2)

4.8.3 Brightness and illumination of images

201

(3)

4.9 Ray tracing

204

(7)

4.9.1 Oblique meridional rays

204

(3)

4.9.2 Paraxial rays

207

(1)

4.9.3 Skew rays

208

(3)

4.10 Design of aspheric surfaces

211

(6)

4.10.1 Attainment of axial stigmatism

211

(3)

4.10.2 Attainment of aplanatism

214

(3)

4.11 Image-reconstruction from projections (computerized tomography)

217

(11)

4.11.1 Introduction

217

(1)

4.11.2 Beam propagation in an absorbing medium

218

(1)

4.11.3 Ray integrals and projections

219

(2)

4.11.4 The N-dimensional Radon transform

221

(2)

4.11.5 Reconstruction of cross-sections and the projection-slice theorem of computerized tomography

223

(5)

V Geometrical theory of aberrations

228

(33)

5.1 Wave and ray aberrations; the aberration function

229

(4)

5.2 The perturbation eikonal of Schwarzschild

233

(3)

5.3 The primary (Seidel) aberrations

236

(8)

(a) Spherical aberration (B is not equal to 0)

238

(1)

(b) Coma (F is not equal to 0)

238

(2)

240

(3)

(d) Distortion (E is not equal to 0)

243

(1)

5.4 Addition theorem for the primary aberrations

244

(2)

5.5 The primary aberration coefficients of a general centred lens system

246

(8)

5.5.1 The Seidel formulae in terms of two paraxial rays

246

(5)

5.5.2 The Seidel formulae in terms of one paraxial ray

251

(2)

5.5.3 Petzval's theorem

253

(1)

5.6 Example: The primary aberrations of a thin lens

254

(3)

5.7 The chromatic aberration of a general centred lens system

257

(4)

VI Image-forming instruments

261

(25)

6.1 The eye

261

(2)

6.2 The camera

263

(4)

6.3 The refracting telescope

267

(7)

6.4 The reflecting telescope

274

(5)

6.5 Instruments of illumination

279

(2)

6.6 The microscope

281

(5)

VII Elements of the theory of interference and interferometers

286

(126)

7.1 Introduction

286

(1)

7.2 Interference of two monochromatic waves

287

(3)

7.3 Two-beam interference: division of wave-front

290

(18)

7.3.1 Young's experiment

290

(2)

7.3.2 Fresnel's mirrors and similar arrangements

292

(3)

7.3.3 Fringes with quasi-monochromatic and white light

295

(1)

7.3.4 Use of slit sources; visibility of fringes

296

(3)

7.3.5 Application to the measurement of optical path difference: the Rayleigh interferometer

299

(3)

7.3.6 Application to the measurement of angular dimensions of sources: the Michelson stellar interferometer

302

(6)

7.4 Standing waves

308

(5)

7.5 Two-beam interference: division of amplitude

313

(46)

7.5.1 Fringes with a plane-parallel plate

313

(5)

7.5.2 Fringes with thin films; the Fizeau interferometer

318

(7)

7.5.3 Localization of fringes

325

(9)

7.5.4 The Michelson interferometer

334

(2)

7.5.5 The Twyman-Green and related interferometers

336

(5)

7.5.6 Fringes with two identical plates: the Jamin interferometer and interference microscopes

341

(7)

7.5.7 The Mach-Zehnder interferometer; the Bates wave-front shearing interferometer

348

(4)

7.5.8 The coherence length; the application of two-beam interference to the study of the fine structure of spectral lines

352

(7)

7.6 Multiple-beam interference

359

(50)

7.6.1 Multiple-beam fringes with a plane-parallel plate

360

(6)

7.6.2 The Fabry-Perot interferometer

366

(4)

7.6.3 The application of the Fabry-Perot interferometer to the study of the fine structure of spectral lines

370

(7)

7.6.4 The application of the Fabry-Perot interferometer to the comparison of wavelengths

377

(3)

7.6.5 The Lummer-Gehrcke interferometer

380

(6)

7.6.6 Interference filters

386

(5)

7.6.7 Multiple-beam fringes with thin films

391

(10)

7.6.8 Multiple-beam fringes with two plane-parallel plates

401

(1)

(a) Fringes with monochromatic and quasi-monochromatic light

401

(4)

(b) Fringes of superposition

405

(4)

7.7 The comparison of wavelengths with the standard metre

409

(3)

VIII Elements of the theory of diffraction

412

(105)

8.1 Introduction

412

(1)

8.2 The Huygens-Fresnel principle

413

(4)

8.3 Kirchhoff's diffraction theory

417

(13)

8.3.1 The integral theorem of Kirchhoff

417

(4)

8.3.2 Kirchhoff's diffraction theory

421

(4)

8.3.3 Fraunhofer and Fresnel diffraction

425

(5)

8.4 Transition to a scalar theory

430

(6)

8.4.1 The image field due to a monochromatic oscillator

431

(3)

8.4.2 The total image field

434

(2)

8.5 Fraunhofer diffraction at apertures of various forms

436

(10)

8.5.1 The rectangular aperture and the slit

436

(3)

8.5.2 The circular aperture

439

(4)

8.5.3 Other forms of aperture

443

(3)

8.6 Fraunhofer diffraction in optical instruments

446

(30)

8.6.1 Diffraction gratings

446

(1)

(a) The principle of the diffraction grating

446

(7)

(b) Types of grating

453

(5)

458

(3)

8.6.2 Resolving power of image-forming systems

461

(4)

8.6.3 Image formation in the microscope

465

(1)

(a) Incoherent illumination

465

(2)

(b) Coherent illumination - Abbe's theory

467

(5)

472

(4)

8.7 Fresnel diffraction at a straight edge

476

(8)

8.7.1 The diffraction integral

476

(2)

8.7.2 Fresnel's integrals

478

(3)

8.7.3 Fresnel diffraction at a straight edge

481

(3)

8.8 The three-dimensional light distribution near focus

484

(15)

8.8.1 Evaluation of the diffraction integral in terms of Lommel functions

484

(5)

8.8.2 The distribution of intensity

489

(1)

(a) Intensity in the geometrical focal plane

490

(1)

(b) Intensity along the axis

491

(1)

491

(1)

8.8.3 The integrated intensity

492

(2)

8.8.4 The phase behaviour

494

(5)

8.9 The boundary diffraction wave

499

(5)

8.10 Gabor's method of imaging by reconstructed wave-fronts (holography)

504

(8)

8.10.1 Producing the positive hologram

504

(2)

8.10.2 The reconstruction

506

(6)

8.11 The Rayleigh-Sommerfeld diffraction integrals

512

(5)

8.11.1 The Rayleigh diffraction integrals

512

(2)

8.11.2 The Rayleigh-Sommerfeld diffraction integrals

514

(3)

IX The diffraction theory of aberrations

517

(37)

9.1 The diffraction integral in the presence of aberrations

518

(5)

9.1.1 The diffraction integral

518

(2)

9.1.2 The displacement theorem. Change of reference sphere

520

(2)

9.1.3 A relation between the intensity and the average deformation of wave-fronts

522

(1)

9.2 Expansion of the aberration function

523

(4)

9.2.1 The circle polynomials of Zernike

523

(2)

9.2.2 Expansion of the aberration function

525

(2)

9.3 Tolerance conditions for primary aberrations

527

(5)

9.4 The diffraction pattern associated with a single aberration

532

(11)

9.4.1 Primary spherical aberration

536

(2)

9.4.2 Primary coma

538

(1)

9.4.3 Primary astigmatism

539

(4)

9.5 Imaging of extended objects

543

(11)

9.5.1 Coherent illumination

543

(4)

9.5.2 Incoherent illumination

547

(7)

X Interference and diffraction with partially coherent light

554

(79)

10.1 Introduction

554

(3)

10.2 A complex representation of real polychromatic fields

557

(5)

10.3 The correlation functions of light beams

562

(7)

10.3.1 Interference of two partially coherent beams. The mutual coherence function and the complex degree of coherence

562

(4)

10.3.2 Spectral representation of mutual coherence

566

(3)

10.4 Interference and diffraction with quasi-monochromatic light

569

(16)

10.4.1 Interference with quasi-monochromatic light. The mutual intensity

569

(3)

10.4.2 Calculation of mutual intensity and degree of coherence for light from an extended incoherent quasi-monochromatic source

572

(1)

(a) The van Cittert-Zernike theorem

572

(5)

(b) Hopkins' formula

577

(1)

10.4.3 An example

578

(2)

10.4.4 Propagation of mutual intensity

580

(5)

10.5 Interference with broad-band light and the spectral degree of coherence. Correlation-induced spectral changes

585

(5)

10.6 Some applications

590

(16)

10.6.1 The degree of coherence in the image of an extended incoherent quasi-monochromatic source

590

(5)

10.6.2 The influence of the condenser on resolution in a microscope

595

(1)

(a) Critical illumination

595

(3)

(b) Kohler's illumination

598

(1)

10.6.3 Imaging with partially coherent quasi-monochromatic illumination

599

(1)

(a) Transmission of mutual intensity through an optical system

599

(3)

(b) Images of transilluminated objects

602

(4)

10.7 Some theorems relating to mutual coherence

606

(4)

10.7.1 Calculation of mutual coherence for light from an incoherent source

606

(3)

10.7.2 Propagation of mutual coherence

609

(1)

10.8 Rigorous theory of partial coherence

610

(9)

10.8.1 Wave equations for mutual coherence

610

(2)

10.8.2 Rigorous formulation of the propagation law for mutual coherence

612

(3)

10.8.3 The coherence time and the effective spectral width

615

(4)

10.9 Polarization properties of quasi-monochromatic light

619

(14)

10.9.1 The coherency matrix of a quasi-monochromatic plane wave

619

(5)

(a) Completely unpolarized light (natural light)

624

(1)

(b) Complete polarized light

624

(2)

10.9.2 Some equivalent representations. The degree of polarization of a light wave

626

(4)

10.9.3 The Stokes parameters of a quasi-monochromatic plane wave

630

(3)

XI Rigorous diffraction theory

633

(41)

11.1 Introduction

633

(2)

11.2 Boundary conditions and surface currents

635

(1)

11.3 Diffraction by a plane screen: electromagnetic form of Babinet's principle

636

(2)

11.4 Two-dimensional diffraction by a plane screen

638

(5)

11.4.1 The scalar nature of two-dimensional electromagnetic fields

638

(1)

11.4.2 An angular spectrum of plane waves

639

(3)

11.4.3 Formulation in terms of dual integral equations

642

(1)

11.5 Two-dimensional diffraction of a plane wave by a half-plane

643

(14)

11.5.1 Solution of the dual integral equations for E-polarization

643

(2)

11.5.2 Expression of the solution in terms of Fresnel integrals

645

(3)

11.5.3 The nature of the solution

648

(4)

11.5.4 The solution for H-polarization

652

(1)

11.5.5 Some numerical calculations

653

(3)

11.5.6 Comparison with approximate theory and with experimental results

656

(1)

11.6 Three-dimensional diffraction of a plane wave by a half-plane

657

(2)

11.7 Diffraction of a field due to a localized source by a half-plane

659

(8)

11.7.1 A line-current parallel to the diffracting edge

659

(5)

11.7.2 A dipole

664

(3)

11.8 Other problems

667

(5)

11.8.1 Two parallel half-planes

667

(2)

11.8.2 An infinite stack of parallel, staggered half-planes

669

(1)

11.8.3 A strip

670

(1)

11.8.4 Further problems

671

(1)

11.9 Uniqueness of solution

672

(2)

XII Diffraction of light by ultrasonic waves

674

(21)

12.1 Qualitative description of the phenomenon and summary of theories based on Maxwell's differential equations

674

(6)

12.1.1 Qualitative description of the phenomenon

674

(3)

12.1.2 Summary of theories based on Maxwell's equations

677

(3)

12.2 Diffraction of light by ultrasonic waves as treated by the integral equation method

680

(15)

12.2.1 Integral equation for E-polarization

682

(1)

12.2.2 The trial solution of the integral equation

682

(4)

12.2.3 Expressions for the amplitudes of the light waves in the diffracted and reflected spectra

686

(1)

12.2.4 Solution of the equations by a method of successive approximations

686

(3)

12.2.5 Expressions for the intensities of the first and second order lines for some special cases

689

(2)

12.2.6 Some qualitative results

691

(2)

12.2.7 The Raman-Nath approximation

693

(2)

XIII Scattering from inhomogeneous media

695

(40)

13.1 Elements of the scalar theory of scattering

695

(15)

13.1.1 Derivation of the basic integral equation

695

(4)

13.1.2 The first-order Born approximation

699

(4)

13.1.3 Scattering from periodic potentials

703

(5)

13.1.4 Multiple scattering

708

(2)

13.2 Principles of diffraction tomography for reconstruction of the scattering potential

710

(6)

13.2.1 Angular spectrum representation of the scattered field

711

(2)

13.2.2 The basic theorem of diffraction tomography

713

(3)

13.3 The optical cross-section theorem

716

(8)

13.4 A reciprocity relation

724

(2)

13.5 The Rytov series

726

(3)

13.6 Scattering of electromagnetic waves

729

(6)

13.6.1 The integro-differential equations of electromagnetic scattering theory

729

(1)

13.6.2 The far field

730

(2)

13.6.3 The optical cross-section theorem for scattering of electromagnetic waves

732

(3)

XIV Optics of metals

735

(55)

14.1 Wave propagation in a conductor

735

(4)

14.2 Refraction and reflection at a metal surface

739

(10)

14.3 Elementary electron theory of the optical constants of metals

749

(3)

14.4 Wave propagation in a stratified conducting medium. Theory of metallic films

752

(7)

14.4.1 An absorbing film on a transparent substrate

752

(6)

14.4.2 A transparent film on an absorbing substrate

758

(1)

14.5 Diffraction by a conducting sphere; theory of Mie

759

(31)

14.5.1 Mathematical solution of the problem

760

(1)

(a) Representation of the field in terms of Debye's potentials

760

(5)

(b) Series expansions for the field components

765

(7)

772

(2)

14.5.2 Some consequences of Mie's formulae

774

(1)

(a) The partial waves

774

(1)

(b) Limiting cases

775

(5)

780

(4)

14.5.3 Total scattering and extinction

784

(1)

(a) Some general considerations

784

(1)

(b) Computational results

785

(5)

XV Optics of crystals

790

(63)

15.1 The dielectric tensor of an anisotropic medium

790

(2)

15.2 The structure of a monochromatic plane wave in an anisotropic medium

792

(13)

15.2.1 The phase velocity and the ray velocity

792

(3)

15.2.2 Fresnel's formulae for the propagation of light in crystals

795

(4)

15.2.3 Geometrical constructions for determining the velocities of propagation and the directions of vibration

799

(1)

(a) The ellipsoid of wave normals

799

(3)

(b) The ray ellipsoid

802

(1)

803

(2)

15.3 Optical properties of uniaxial and biaxial crystals

805

(13)

15.3.1 The optical classification of crystals

805

(1)

15.3.2 Light propagation in uniaxial crystals

806

(2)

15.3.3 Light propagation in biaxial crystals

808

(3)

15.3.4 Refraction in crystals

811

(1)

(a) Double refraction

811

(2)

(b) Conical refraction

813

(5)

15.4 Measurements in crystal optics

818

(16)

15.4.1 The Nicol prism

818

(2)

15.4.2 Compensators

820

(1)

(a) The quarter-wave plate

820

(1)

(b) Babinet's compensator

821

(2)

823

(1)

(d) Berek's compensator

823

(1)

15.4.3 Interference with crystal plates

823

(6)

15.4.4 Interference figures from uniaxial crystal plates

829

(2)

15.4.5 Interference figures from biaxial crystal plates

831

(2)

15.4.6 Location of optic axes and determination of the principal refractive indices of a crystalline medium

833

(1)

15.5 Stress birefringence and form birefringence

834

(6)

15.5.1 Stress birefringence

834

(3)

15.5.2 Form birefringence

837

(3)

15.6 Absorbing crystals

840

(13)

15.6.1 Light propagation in an absorbing anisotropic medium

840

(6)

15.6.2 Interference figures from absorbing crystal plates

846

(1)

(a) Uniaxial crystals

847

(1)

(b) Biaxial crystals

848

(1)

15.6.3 Dichroic polarizers

849

(4)

Appendices

853

(72)

I The Calculus of variations

853

(20)

1 Euler's equations as necessary conditions for an extremum

853

(2)

2 Hilbert's independence integral and the Hamilton-Jacobi equation

855

(1)

3 The field of extremals

856

(2)

4 Determination of all extremals from the solution of the Hamilton-Jacobi equation

858

(2)

5 Hamilton's canonical equations

860

(1)

6 The special case when the independent variable does not appear explicitly in the integrand

861

(1)

7 Discontinuities

862

(2)

8 Weierstrass' and Legendre's conditions (sufficiency conditions for an extremum)

864

(2)

9 Minimum of the variational integral when one end point is constrained to a surface

866

(1)

10 Jacobi's criterion for a minimum

867

(1)

11 Example I: Optics

868

(2)

12 Example II: Mechanics of material points

870

(3)

II Light optics, electron optics and wave mechanics

873

(10)

1 The Hamiltonian analogy in elementary form

873

(3)

2 The Hamiltonian analogy in variational form

876

(3)

3 Wave mechanics of free electrons

879

(2)

4 The application of optical principles to electron optics

881

(2)

III Asymptotic approximations to integrals

883

(9)

1 The method of steepest descent

883

(5)

2 The method of stationary phase

888

(2)

3 Double integrals

890

(2)

IV The Dirac delta function

892

(6)

V A mathematical lemma used in the rigorous derivation of the Lorentz-Lorenz formula (XXX2.4.2)

898

(3)

VI Propagation of discontinuties in an electromagnetic field (XXX3.1.1)

901

(4)

1 Relations connecting discontinuous changes in field vectors

901

(2)

2 The field on a moving discontinuity surface

903

(2)

VII The circle polynomials of Zernike (XXX9.2.1)

905

(6)

1 Some general considerations

905

(2)

2 Explicit expressions for the radial polynomials R^(+(-m))(m)(Rho)

907

(4)

VIII Proof of the inequality |(Mu)(12)(Nu)| less than 1 for the spectral degree of coherence (XXX10.5)

911

(1)

IX Proof of a reciprocity inequality (XXX10.8.3)

912

(2)

X Evaluation of two integrals (XXX12.2.2)

914

(4)

XI Energy conservation in scalar wavefields (XXX13.3)

918

(3)

XII Proof of Jones' lemma (XXX13.3)

921

(4)

Author index

925

(11)

Subject index

936

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Principles of Optics: Electromagnetic Theory of Propagation, Interference and Diffraction of Light

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