Principles of Plant Genetics and Breeding
, by Acquaah, George
- ISBN: 9781119626329 | 1119626323
- Cover: Paperback
- Copyright: 12/14/2020
The revised edition of the bestselling textbook, covering both classical and molecular plant breeding
Principles of Plant Genetics and Breeding integrates theory and practice to provide an insightful examination of the fundamental principles and advanced techniques of modern plant breeding. Combining both classical and molecular tools, this comprehensive textbook describes the multidisciplinary strategies used to produce new varieties of crops and plants, particularly in response to the increasing demands to of growing populations. Illustrated chapters cover a wide range of topics, including plant reproductive systems, germplasm for breeding, molecular breeding, the common objectives of plant breeders, marketing and societal issues, and more.
Now in its third edition, this essential textbook contains extensively revised content that reflects recent advances and current practices. Substantial updates have been made to its molecular genetics and breeding sections, including discussions of new breeding techniques such as zinc finger nuclease, oligonucleotide directed mutagenesis, RNA-dependent DNA methylation, reverse breeding, genome editing, and others. A new table enables efficient comparison of an expanded list of molecular markers, including Allozyme, RFLPs, RAPD, SSR, ISSR, DAMD, AFLP, SNPs and ESTs. Also, new and updated “Industry Highlights” sections provide examples of the practical application of plant breeding methods to real-world problems. This new edition:
- Organizes topics to reflect the stages of an actual breeding project
- Incorporates the most recent technologies in the field, such as CRSPR genome edition and grafting on GM stock
- Includes numerous illustrations and end-of-chapter self-assessment questions, key references, suggested readings, and links to relevant websites
- Features a companion website containing additional artwork and instructor resources
Principles of Plant Genetics and Breeding offers researchers and professionals an invaluable resource and remains the ideal textbook for advanced undergraduates and graduates in plant science, particularly those studying plant breeding, biotechnology, and genetics.
George Acquaah is the Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences at Bowie State University, Bowie, MD, USA. He is the author of four critically acclaimed textbooks on horticulture, crop production, biotechnology, and plant breeding. He is recipient of the prestigious USDA Award for Excellence in College and University Teaching in Food and Agricultural Sciences, and the Millennium Award for Excellence in Teaching, presented by the White House Initiative on Historically Black Colleges and Universities in the US.
DEDICATION
PREFACE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
INDUSTRY HIGHLIGHTS BOXES
INDUSTRY HIGHLIGHTS BOXES: AUTHORS
SECTION 1: OVERVIEW AND HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 What is plant breeding?
1.2 The goals of plant breeding
1.3 The concept of genetic manipulations of plant attributes
1.4 Why breed plants?
1.5 Overview of the basic steps in plant breeding
1.6 How have plant breeding objectives changed over the years
1.7 The art and science of plant breeding
1.8 Training of plant breeders
1.9 The plant breeding industry
1.10 Duration and cost of plant breeding programs
1.11 The future of plant breeding in society
1.12 The organization of the book
CHAPTER 2 HISTORY OF PLANT BREEDING
2.1 Origins of agriculture and plant breeding
2.2 The “Unknown Breeder”
2.3 Plant manipulation efforts by early civilizations
2.4 Early pioneers of the theories and practices of modern plant breeding
2.5 Later pioneers and trailblazers
2.6 History of plant breeding technologies/techniques
2.7 Genome-wide approaches to crop improvement
2.8 Bioinformatics and OMICs technologies in crop improvement
2.9 Summary of changes in plant breeding over the last half century
2.10 Achievement of modern plant breeders
SECTION 2 POULATION AND QUANTITAVTIVE GENETIC PRINCIPLES
CHAPTER 3 INTRODUCTION TO CONCEPTS OF POPULATION GENETICS
3.1 Concepts of a population and gene pool
3.2 Issues arising from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
3.3 Factors affecting changes in gene frequency
3.4 Frequency dependent selection
3.5 Summary of key plant breeding applications
3.6 Modes of selection
3.7 Effect of mating system on selection
3.8 The concept of inbreeding
3.9 Inbreeding and its implications in plant breeding
3.10 Concept of population improvement
3.11 Types of open pollenated populations
CHAPTER 4 INTRODUCTION TO QUANTITATIVE GENETICS
4.1 What is quantitative genetics?
4.2 What is a quantitative trait?
4.3 Qualitative genetics versus quantitative genetics
4.4 The environment and quantitative variation
4.5 Polygenes and polygenic inheritance
4.6 Decision-making in breeding based on biometrical genetics
4.7 Gene action
4.8 Gene action and plant breeding
4.9 Variance components of a quantitative trait
4.10 The concept of heritability
4.11 Response to selection in breeding
4.12 Concept of correlated response
4.13 Selection for multiple traits
4.14 Concept of intuitive index
4.15 The concept of general worth
4.16 Nature of breeding characteristics and their levels of expression
4.17 Early generation testing
4.18 Concept of combining ability
4.19 Mating designs
4.20 The genetic architecture of quantitative traits
4.21 The effect of QTL on phenotype
4.22 Molecular basis of quantitative variation
4.23 Systems genetics
4.24 Predicting breeding value
4.25 Genomic selection (genome wide selection)
4.26 Mapping quantitative traits
SECTION 3 REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 5 INTRODUCTION TO REPRODUCTION
5.1 Importance of mode of reproduction to plant breeding
5.2 Overview of reproductive options in plants
5.3 Types of reproduction
5.4 Sexual reproduction
5.5 What is autogamy?
5.6 Self incompatibility
5.7 Male sterility
5.8 Dichogamy
5.9 Genetic and breeding implications of autogamy
5.10 Genotype conversion programs
5.11 What is allogamy?
5.12 Artificial pollination control techniques
5.13 Inbreeding depression
5.14 Mendelian concepts relating to the reproductive system
5.15 Complex inheritance
CHAPTER 6 HYBRIDIZATION
6.1 Concept of gene transfer and hybridization
6.2 Application of crossing in plant breeding
6.3 Artificial hybridization
6.4 Artificial pollination control techniques
6.5 Flower and flowering issues in hybridization
6.6 Emasculation
6.7 Pollination
6.8 Number of F1 crosses to make
6.9 Genetic issues in hybridization
6.10 Types of populations generated through hybridization
611 Wide crosses
6.12 Issue of reproductive isolation barriers
6.13 Overcoming challenges of reproductive barriers
6.14 Bridge crosses
CHAPTER 7 CLONAL PROPAGATION AND IN VITRO CULTURE
7.1 What is a clone?
7.2 Clones, inbred lines, and pure lines
7.3 Categories of clonally propagated species based on economic use
7.4 Categories of clonally propagated species for breeding purposes
7.5 Types of clonal propagation
7.6 Importance of clonal propagation in plant breeding
7.7 Breeding implications of clonal propagation
7.8 Genetic issues in clonal breeding
7.9 Breeding approaches used in clonal species
7.10 Natural propagation
7.11 In vitro culture
7.12 Micropropagation
7.13 Concept of totipotency
7.14 Somaclonal variation
7.15 Apomixis
7.16 Other tissue culture applications
7.17 Production of haploids
7.18 Doubled haploids
7.19 Germplasm preservation
SECTION 4 GERMPLASM FOR BREEDING
CHAPTER 8 VARIATION: TYPES, ORIGIN AND SCALE
8.1 Classifying plants
8.2 Rules of classification of plants
8.3 Operational classification systems
8.4 Types of variation among plants
8.5. Origins of genetic variability
8.6 Biotechnology for creating genetic variability
8.7 Scale of variability
CHAPTER 9 PLANT DOMESTICATION
9.1 The concept of evolution
9.2 What is domestication
9.3 Evolution versus domestication
9.4 Conscious selection versus unconscious selection
9.5 Patterns of plant domestication
9.6 Centers of plant domestication
9.7 Roll call of domesticated plants
9.8 Changes accompanying domestication
9.9 Genetic bottleneck
9.10 Tempo of domestication
9.11 Genetic architecture and domestication
9.12 Models of domestication
9.13 Modern breeding is a continuation of the domestication process
CHAPTER 10 PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES
10.1 Importance of germplasm to plant breeding
10.2 Centers of diversity in plant breeding
10.3 Sources of germplasm for plant breeding
10.4 Concept of genetic vulnerability
10.5 What plant breeders can do to address crop vulnerability
10.6 Wild (exotic) germplasm in plant breeding
10.7 Plant genetic resources conservation
10.8 Nature of cultivated plant genetic resources
10.9 Approaches to germplasm conservation
10.10 Germplasm collection
10.11 Types of plant germplasm collection
10.12 Managing plant genetic resources
10.13 Issue of redundancy and the concept of core subsets
10.14 Germplasm storage technologies
10.15 Using genetic resources
10.16 Plant exploration and introduction and their impact on agriculture
10.17 international conservation efforts
10.18 An example of a national germplasm conservation system
10.19 Who owns biodiversity?
10.20 Understanding the genetic architecture of germplasm for crop improvement
SECTION 5 BREEDING OBJECTIVES
CHAPTER 11 YIELD AND MORPHOLOGICA TRAITS
11.1 Physiological traits
11.2 What is yield?
11.3 Biological versus economic yield
11.4 The ideotype concept
11.5 Improving the efficiency of dry matter partitioning
11.6 Harvest index as a selection criterion for yield
11.7 Selecting for yield per se
11.8 Biological pathway to economic yield
11.9 The concept of yield potential
11.10 The concept of yield plateau
11.11 Yield stability
11.12 Lodging resistance
11.13 Shattering resistance
11.14 Reduced plant height
11.15 Breeding determinancy
11.16 Photoperiod response
11.17 Early maturity
CHAPTER 12 QUALITY TRAITS
12.1 Concept of quality
12.2 Nutritional quality of food crops
12.3 Brief history of breeding for improved nutritional quality of crops
12.4 Breeding for improved protein content
12.5 Improving protein content by genetic engineering
12.6 Breeding improved oil quality
12.7 Breeding low phytate cultivar
12.8 Breeding end use quality
12.9 Breeding seedlessness
12.10 Breeding for industrial uses
12.11 Breeding plants for novel traits
12.12 Breeding for enhanced bioavailability
CHAPTER 13 ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS FACTORS
13.1 Environmental stress factors in crop production
13.2 Climate change and plant breeding
13.3 Crop production environment and stress
13.4 Abiotic environment stress factors
13.5 Biotic environmental stress factors
13.6 Effects of combined stresses
13.7 Impact of environmental stress factors in crop production
CHAPTER 14 BREEDING FOR RESISTANCE TO DISEASES AND INSECT PESTS
14.1 Selected definitions
14.2 Groups of pathogens and pests targeted by plant breeders
14.3 Biological and economic effects of plant pathogens
14.4 Overview of the methods for control of plant pathogens and pests
14.5 Concepts of resistance in breeding
14.6 Concepts of pathogen and host
14.7 Mechanisms of defense in plant against pathogens and pests
14.8 Types of genetic host resistance and their breeding approaches
14.9 Resistance breeding strategies
14.10 Challenges of breeding for pest resistance
14.11 Role of wild germplasm in disease and pest resistance breeding
14.12 Screening techniques in disease and pest resistance breeding
14.13 Applications of biotechnology in pest resistance breeding
14.14 Epidemics and plant breeding
CHAPTER 15 BREEDING FOR RESISTANCE TO ABIOTIC STRESSES
15.1 Importance of breeding for resistance to abiotic stresses
15.2 Resistance to abiotic stress and yield potential
15.3 Types of abiotic environmental stresses
15.4 Tolerance to stress or resistance to stress?
15.5 Screening for stress resistance
15.6 Drought stress
15.7 Breeding drought resistance
15.8 Approaches for breeding drought resistance
15.9 Cold stress
15.10 Mechanisms of resistance to low temperature
15.11 Selection for low-temperature tolerance
15.12 Breeding for tolerance to low-temperature stress
15.13 Salinity stress
15.14 Heat stress
15.15 Mineral toxicity stress
15.16 Mineral deficiency stress
15.17 Oxidative stress
15.18 Flood stress (water logging)
SECTION 6 SELECTION METHODS
CHAPTER 16 BREEDING SELF-POLINATED SPECIES
16.1 Types of cultivars
16.2 Genetic structure of cultivars and its implications in breeding
16.3 Types of self-pollinated cultivars
16.4 Common plant breeding notations
16.5 Mass selection
16.6 Pure-line selection
16.7 Pedigree selection
16.8 Bulk population breeding
16.9 Single seed descent
16.10 Backcross breeding
16.11 Special backcross procedures
16.12 Multiline breeding and cultivar blends
16.13 Composites
16.14 Recurrent selection
CHAPTER 17 BREEDING CROSS-POLLINATED SPECIES
17.1 The concept of population improvement
17.2 Concept of recurrent selection
17.3 Genetic basis of recurrent selection
17.4 Types of recurrent selection
17.5 Intrapopulation improvement methods
17.6 Optimizing gain from selection in population improvement
17.7 Development of synthetic cultivars
17.8 Backcross breeding
CHAPTER 18 BREEDING HYBRID CULTIVARS
18.1 What is a hybrid cultivar?
18.2 Brief historical perspective
18.3 The concept of hybrid vigor and inbreeding depression
18.4 Genetic basis of heterosis
18.5 Biometrics of heterosis
18.6 Concept of heterotic relationship
18.7 Types of hybrids
18.8 Germplasm procurement and development for hybrid production
18.9 Selection of parents (inbred lines)
18.10 Field establishment
18.11 Maintenance
18.12 Harvesting and processing
18.13 Hybrid seed production of maize
18.14 Hybrids in horticulture
18.15 Exploiting hybrid vigor in asexually reproducing species
18.16 Prerequisites for successful commercial hybrid seed production
CHAPTER 19 BREEDING CLONALLY PROPAGATED SPECIES
19.1 Clones, inbred lines and pure lines
19.2 Categories of clonally propagated species for breeding purposes
19.3 Breeding implications of clonal propagation
19.4 Genetic issues in clonal breeding
19.5 Breeding approaches used in clonal crops
19.6 Advantages and limitations of clonal propagation
19.7 Breeding apomictic cultivars
19.8 In vitro selection
SECTION 7 TECHNOLOGIES FOR LINKING GENES TO TRAITS
CHAPTER 20 MOLECULAR MARKERS
20.1 The concept of genetic markers
20.2 Use of genetic markers in plant breeding
20.3 Concept of polymorphism and the origin of molecular markers
20.4 Brief history of molecular markers
20.5 Classification of molecular markers
20.6 Enzyme-based markers
20.7 Hybridization-based markers
20.8 PCR-based markers
20.9 PCR based markers from RFLPs
20.10 DNA sequence-based markers
20.11 Comparison of selected molecular markers
20.12 Desirable properties of a molecular marker system
20.13 Readying markers for marker assisted selection
CHAPTER 21 MAPPING OF GENES
21.1 Why map genes?
21.2 Types of gene maps
21.3 Principles of linkage mapping
21.4 Mapping populations
21.5 Modifications of polymorphic markers
21.6 Linkage analysis of markers
21.7 Rendering linkage maps
21.8 Mapping quantitative trait loci (QTLs)
21.9 High-resolution QTL mapping
21.10 Bulk segregant analysis
21.11 The value of multiple populations in mapping
21.12 Comparative genome mapping
21.13 Synteny
21.14 Genome wide association studies
CHAPTER 22 GENE SEQUENCING and OMICs TECHNOLOGIES
22.1 What is gene sequencing
22.2 Types of sequencing technologies
22.3 Next generation sequencing (NGS) workflow
22.4 Genotyping-by-sequencing
22.5 What are the OMICs technologies?
22.6 Genomics
22.7 Transcriptomics
22.8 Proteomics
22.9 Metabolomics
22.10 Phenomics
SECTION 8 APPLICATIONS OF GENETIC MARKERS IN BREEDING
CHAPTER 23 MARKER ASSISTED SELECTION
23.1 The concept of molecular breeding
23.2 Choosing molecular markers for MAS
23.3 Advantages of MAS over conventional breeding protocols
23.4 MAS schemes
23.5 Marker assisted backcross breeding
23.6 Marker assisted recurrent selection
23.7 Backcross breeding for introgression of wild genes
23.8 Marker assisted “forward selection”
23.9 Marker assisted gene pyramiding
23.10 Marker assisted early generation selection
23.11 Limitations of MAS
23.12 Enhancing the potential of MAS in breeding
CHAPTER 24 GENOMIC SELECTION AND GENOME WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES
24.1 Making the case for genomic selection
24.2 What is genomic or genome wide selection?
24.3 Overview of genomic selection procedure
24.4 Designing a training population
24.5 Markers of genomic selection
24.6 Statistical models for genomic selection
24.7 Applications of genomic selection
24.8 Genome wide association studies
24.9 MAS, MABC and GS compared
24.10 Haplotype
24.11 Linkage disequilibrium and haplotypes
24.12 Linkage disequilibrium mapping (Association mapping)
24.13 Breeding applications of association mapping
SECTION 9 MUTATIONS AND PLOIDY IN PLANT BREEDING
CHAPTER 25 MUTAGENESIS IN PLANT BREEDING
25.1 Brief historical perspective
25.2 Types of mutations
25.3 Mutagenic agents
25.4 Types of tissues used for mutagenesis
25.5 Factors affecting the success of mutagenesis
25.6 Mutation breeding of seed-bearing plants
25.7 Mutation breeding of clonally propagated species
25.8 Mutations from tissue culture systems
25.9 Using induced mutants
25.10 Limitations of mutagenesis as a plant breeding technique
25.12 Molecular techniques for enhancing efficiency of induced mutagenesis
25.13 Reverse genetics
25.14 Horticultural applications of mutagenesis
25.15 General effects of mutagenesis
25.16 Key successes of induced mutagenesis
CHAPTER 26 POLYPLOIDY IN PLANT BREEDING
26.1 Terminology
26.2 Variation in chromosome number
26.3 General effects of polyploidy in plants
26.4 Origin of polyploids
26.5 Autoploidy
26.6 Breeding autoploids
26.7 Natural alloploids
26.8 Anueploidydd
26.9 General importance of polyploidy in plant improvement
26.10 Inducing polyploids
26.11 Use of 2n gametes for introgression breeding
26.12 Haploidy
26.13 Anther culture
26.14 Doubled haploids
SECTION 10 MOLECULAR GENETIC MODIFICATION IN PLANT BREEDING
CHAPTER 30 BREEDING GENETICALLY MODIFIED PLANTS
27.1 What is biotechnology?
27.2 Antisense technology
27.3 Restriction enzymes
27.4 Vectors
27.5 Categories of vectors by function
27.6 Cloning
27.7 Breeding genetically modified (GM) cultivars
27.8 Engineering pest resistance
27.9 Trends in adoption of GM cultivars
CHAPTER 28 GENOME EDITING TECHNOLOGIES
28.1 General steps in genome editing
28.2 Types of editing systems
28.3 Zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs)
28.4 Transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs)
28.5 Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR-Cas9)
28.6 Comparison of gene editing systems
28.7 RNA interference (RNAi)
28.8 Oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis
CHAPTER 29 PARADIGM SHIFT IN PLANT BREEDING and OTHER NEW BREEDING TECHNOLOGIES
29.1 The way plant breeders manipulate the plant genome
29.2 Paradigm shifts in plant breeding
29.3 Cisgenesis
29.4 Intragenesis
29.5 Reverse breeding
29.6 Grafting non-GM scion on GM-rootstock
29.7 Agroinfiltration
29.8 Epigenetics
29.9 RNA-directed DNA methylation
29.10 DNA barcoding
SECTION 11 COMPUTER-AIDED APPLICATIONS IN PLANT BREEDING
CHAPTER 30 BIOINFORMATICS IN PLANT BREEDING
30.1 What is bioinformatics?
30.2 Subdivisions of bioinformatics
30.3 Workflow of a bioinformatics project
30.4 General goals of bioinformatics
30.5 Data for bioinformatics
30.6 Data sources and how they are used in bioinformatics
30.7 Types of bioinformatics databases
30.8 Data management in integration
30.9 Data mining
30.10 Applications of bioinformatics in plant breeding
30.11 What is big data?
30.12 Big data workflow in plant breeding
30.13 Plant breeding applications
30.14 What is a computer simulation of model
30.15 Applications of computer simulation in plant breeding
30.16 Ideotype breeding
30.17 Simulation models in plant breeding
SECTION 12 VARIETY RELEASE PROCESS IN BREEDING
CHAPTER 31 PERFORMANCE EVALUATION FOR CULTIVAR RELEASE
31.1 Purpose of performance trials
31.2 Kinds of field trials
31.3 Designing field trials
31.4 The role of the environment in field trials
31.5 Genotype x environment interaction (GEI)
31.6 Models of GxE interaction
31.7 Measurement of GxE interaction using ANOVA
31.8 Importance and applications of GEI in plant breeding
31.9 Stability analysis models
31.10 Adaptation
31.11 Field plot technique in plant breeding
31.12 Field plot designs
31.13 Materials, equipment, and machinery for field evaluation of genotypes
CHAPTER 32 SEED CERTIFICATION AND COMMERCIAL SEED RELEASE
32.1 The role of improved seed in agriculture
32.2 The role of the private sector in seed breeding
32.3 General steps of operation of the seed industry
32.4 The cultivar release process
32.5 Multiplication of pedigree seed
32.6 Concept of seed certification
32.7 The seed certification process
32.8 Seed testing
32.9 Tagging commercial seed
32.10 International role in seed certification
32.11 Production of conventional seed
32.12 Production of hybrid seed
32.13 Crop registration
32.14 Variety protection
CHAPTER 33 REGULATORY AND LEGAL ISSUES IN PLANT BREEDING
33.1 The concept of intellectual property
33.2 Patents
33.3 Patents in plant breeding biotechnology; unique issues and challenges
33.4 Protecting plant varieties
33.5 The concept of substantial equivalence in regulation of biotechnology products
33.6 The issues of “novel traits”
33.7 The concept of the precautionary principle
33.8 Regulation and the issue of public trust
33.9 Biosafety regulation at the international level
33.10 Labelling of biotechnology products
33.11 Economic impact of labelling and regulations
33.12 Legal risks that accompany adoptions of GM crops
33.13 Overview of the regulation of the biotechnology industry in the United States
33.14 The impact of IPRs on plant breeding
SECTION 13 SOCIETAL ISSUES IN PLANT BREEDING
CHAPTER 34 VALUE-DRIVEN CONCEPTS AND SOCIAL CONCERNS
34.1 Concepts of ethical, moral and values
34.2 Evolution of societal debates on science-based issues
34.3 Ethics in plant breeding
34.4 Risk analysis of biotechnology
34.5 Genetic use restriction systems
34.6 Public perceptions and fears about biotechnology
34.7 Some concerns of plant breeders
34.8 GM foods and the issues of food allergy
34.9 The concepts of organic breeding
34.10 Principles of organic plant breeding
34.11 Acceptable organic plant breeding techniques
34.12 Making agricultural biotechnology more acceptable to society
34.13 The hallo effect of GM crops in the field
34.14 The rise of minor pests in GM fields
34.15 Who owns biodiversity?
CHAPTER 35 INTERNATIONAL PLANT BREEDING EFFORTS
35.1 International crop research centers
35.2 The CGIAR centers and their mission
35.3 Brief overview of plant breeding in developed countries
35.4 Brief overview of plant breeding in developing countries
35.5 Plant breeding efforts in sub-Saharan Africa
35.6 Biotechnology efforts in developing countries
35.7 New approach to international-national collaborative breeding
35.8 Conventional plant breeding versus decentralized-participatory plant breeding
35.9 The Green Revolution
35.10 The Green Revolution and the impact of international breeding efforts
SECTION 14 BREEDING SELECTED CROPS
CHAPTER 36 Breeding wheat
CHAPTER 37 Breeding corn
CHAPTER 38 Breeding rice
CHAPTER 39 Breeding sorghum
CHAPTER 40 Breeding of soybean
CHAPTER 41 Breeding peanut
CHAPTER 42 Breeding potato
CHAPTER 43 Breeding cotton
CHAPTER 44 Breeding tomato
SUPPLEMENTARY CHAPTERS: REVIEW OF GENETIC STATISTICAL PRINCIPLES
S1 Plant cellular organization and genetic structure: An overview
S2 Common statistical methods in plant breeding
Glossary of Terms
Index
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