A Priori Justification

The major divide in contemporary epistemology is between those who embrace and those who reject a priori knowledge. Albert Casullo provides a systematic treatment of the primary epistemological issues associated with the controversy. By freeing the a priori from traditional assumptions aboutthe nature of knowledge and justification, he offers a novel approach to resolving these issues which assigns a prominent role to empirical evidence. He concludes by arguing that traditional approaches to the a priori, which focus primarily on the concepts of necessity and analyticity, aremisguided.

Introduction

3

(6)

1 The Contemporary Divide

3

(1)

2 The Kantian Background

4

(1)

3 Synopsis

4

(5)

Part I What Is A Priori Knowledge?

1. The Leading Proposals

9

(24)

1.1 Introduction

9

(1)

1.2 Two Taxonomies

10

(2)

1.3 Nonepistemic Analyses

12

(3)

1.4 Nonepistemic Conditions

15

(7)

1.5 Strength and Defeasibility Conditions

22

(7)

1.6 Source Conditions

29

(3)

1.7 Conclusion

32

(1)

2. Two Conceptions of A Priori Justification

33

(23)

2.1 Introduction

33

(1)

2.2 Two Competing Demands

34

(1)

2.3 General Epistemology

35

(2)

2.4 The Supporting Intuitions

37

(2)

2.5 The Case for (AP1)

39

(9)

2.6 Objections to (AP1)

48

(3)

2.7 A Third Conception of A Priori Justification

51

(3)

2.8 Conclusion

54

(2)

3. Fallible A Priori Justification

56

(25)

3.1 Introduction

56

(1)

3.2 Two Senses of Infallibility

57

(5)

3.3 Three Senses of Fallible A Priori Justification

62

(7)

3.4 P-fallibility and A Priori Justification

69

(3)

3.5 Two Inconsistent Accounts

72

(5)

3.6 Conclusion

77

(4)

Part II Is There A Priori Knowledge?

4. The Supporting Arguments

81

(31)

4.1 Introduction

81

(1)

4.2 Conceptual Arguments

82

(8)

4.3 Criteria! Arguments: Necessity

90

(3)

4.4 Criterial Arguments: Irrefutability

93

(4)

4.5 Criterial Arguments: Certainty

97

(3)

4.6 Deficiency Arguments

100

(4)

4.7 Coherentist Radical Empiricism

104

(4)

4.8 Foundationalist Radical Empiricism

108

(2)

4.9 Conclusion

110

(2)

5. The Opposing Arguments

112

(35)

5.1 Introduction

112

(1)

5.2 Conceptual Arguments

113

(8)

5.3 Radical Empiricist Accounts

121

(4)

5.4 Incompatibility Arguments

125

(3)

5.5 Philosophical Naturalism

128

(12)

5.6 Scientific Naturalism

140

(6)

5.7 Conclusion

146

(1)

6. Toward a Resolution

147

(38)

6.1 Introduction

147

(1)

6.2 The Concept of Experience

148

(12)

6.3 A Priori Justification

160

(13)

6.4 Objections Considered

173

(8)

6.5 Conclusion

181

(4)

Part III What Are the Relationships?

7. A Priori Knowledge and Necessary Truth

185

(25)

7.1 Introduction

185

(1)

7.2 Kant's Strategy

186

(1)

7.3 Kripke's Reaction

187

(7)

7.4 Complications

194

(6)

7.5 Kant Revisited

200

(2)

7.6 Rationalism

202

(3)

7.7 The Contingent A Priori

205

(4)

7.8 Conclusion

209

(1)

8. A Priori Knowledge and Analytic Truth

210

(29)

8.1 Introduction

210

(1)

8.2 Kant's Assumptions

211

(3)

8.3 Three Reactions

214

(4)

8.4 Rejecting the Synthetic A Priori by Cases

218

(6)

8.5 Rejecting the Synthetic A Priori by General Argument

224

(7)

8.6 Denying the Cogency of the Distinction

231

(6)

8.7 Conclusion

237

(2)

Bibliography

239

(6)

Index

245

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A Priori Justification

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials