- ISBN: 9780133377156 | 0133377156
- Cover: Paperback
- Copyright: 2/26/2016
For courses in Introduction to Security and Introduction to Private Security.
A global perspective of security issues combined with broad practical coverage of crime prevention strategies.
Private Security Today includes topical coverage that spans the evolution of security, through the present, to the future of the field.To give readers a look at the diverse issues contemporary security professionals face, this globally-focused overview incorporates international components from outside the U.S., as well as a multidisciplinary analysis of the field. Theories are presented in a way that asks readers to consider the balance of individual personal freedoms and public safety for society as a whole. The topics in the text were chosen based on student, professional, and professor recommendations to ensure that the coverage is both relevant and current. Throughout the book, engaging learning tools and real-world examples encourage students to think critically about the state of security today.
Frank Schmalleger, Ph.D., is Professor Emeritus at The University of North Carolina at Pembroke, where he also was recognized as Distinguished Professor. Dr. Schmalleger holds degrees from the University of Notre Dame and The Ohio State University; he earned both a master's and a doctorate in sociology, with a special emphasis in criminology, from The Ohio State University. From 1976 to 1994, he taught criminal justice courses at The University of North Carolina at Pembroke, and for the last 16 of those years, he chaired the university's Department of Sociology, Social Work, and Criminal Justice. As an adjunct professor with Webster University in St. Louis, Missouri, Schmalleger helped develop the university's graduate program in security administration and loss prevention and taught courses in that curriculum for more than a decade. Schmalleger has also taught in the New School for Social Research's online graduate program, helping build the world's first electronic classrooms in support of distance learning through computer telecommunications. Schmalleger is the author of numerous articles as well as many books: Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st Century (Pearson, 2015), now in its thirteenth edition; Juvenile Delinquency (with Clemmens Bartollas; Pearson, 2014); Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, Tenth Edition (Pearson 2014); Criminal Law Today, Fifth Edition (Pearson, 2014); Corrections in the Twenty-First Century (with John Smykla; McGraw-Hill, 2015); and many other titles. He is also founding editor of the Journal of Criminal Justice Studies (formerly The Justice Professional).
Carter F. Smith teaches security and criminal justice courses in the Department of Criminal Justice Administration at Middle Tennessee State University in Murfreesboro, TN. He has also taught at Austin Peay State University and the Florida Institute of Technology. Dr. Smith received a Ph.D. in Business Administration from Northcentral University, a Juris Doctorate from Southern Illinois University, and a Bachelor of Science Degree from Austin Peay State University. He has taught Security and Security Administration courses since 2005. Smith has taught classes for many Gang Investigators Associations, the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences, the National Crime Prevention Council, the Regional Organized Crime Information Center, the National Gang Crime Research Center, the Southern Criminal Justice Association, the U.S. Department of Justice and the U.S. Army. Smith is a retired U.S. Army Criminal Investigations Division (CID) Command Special Agent. He provided and directed the security of several U.S. Army bases, supervised multi-national fraud and theft investigations, and conducted various criminal and cyber-crime investigations in Germany, Korea, Panama, and the United States. He has been interviewed by several national, regional and local television, print, internet and radio news sources, and has appeared twice in the History Channel’s Gangland series. He is a member of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences (ACJS), The American Society of Criminology, the Southern Criminal Justice Association, the American Criminal Justice Association, the Fraternal Order of Police, Infragard, and ASIS International.
Larry J. Siegel, a graduate of Christopher Columbus High School in the Bronx, received his BA at the City College of New York, and his MA and Ph.D. in Criminal Justice at the State University of New York at Albany, Dr. Siegel began his teaching career at Northeastern University—where he was a faculty member for nine years and held teaching positions at the University of Nebraska-Omaha and Saint Anselm College in New Hampshire before joining the faculty of the Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology at the University of Massachusetts-Lowell where he taught for the past 26 years. He is now a professor emeritus and adjunct professor in the graduate program in the School of Criminology and Justice Studies. Dr. Siegel has also written extensively in the area of crime and justice, including books on juvenile law, delinquency, criminology, corrections, courts and criminal procedure. He is a court certified expert on police conduct and has testified in numerous legal cases.
Chapter 1 Origins and Foundations of Security 1
Introduction 2
The History of Security 3
Security in European History 3
Security in North America 4
Spotlight Allan Pinkerton 5
Security Today 7
Defining Security 10
The Need for Security 11
Security Professionals 12
Academic Recognition 13
Security Careers 13
The Role of Security 14
Private Security and Public Space 16
Private Security and Law Enforcement 17
Agency Cooperation 17
Overcoming Obstacles to Cooperation 18
The Effect of Homeland Security and Emergency Management 18
Volunteers in Security 19
Neighborhood Watch 19
Stand Your Ground 20
Spotlight Trayvon Martin and George Zimmerman 20
Challenges in the Security Field 20
Professional Organizations 22
Summary 24
Chapter 2 Theoretical Foundations of Security 26
Introduction 27
Why Do People Commit Crime? 28
Focus on the Individual 28
It’s a Rational Choice 28
It’s in Your Makeup 29
It’s in Your Mind 29
It’s a Lack of Self-Control 30
Social Influences 30
It’s the Environment 30
It is How You Are Raised 31
Learning View 31
Control View 32
Multiple Causes/Multiple Crimes 32
The Crime Triangle 33
Controlling People 34
General Deterrence 34
Specific Deterrence 34
Controlling Places 34
Situational Crime Prevention 34
Security in Practice Communities Feel Safer with Private Security 35
Defensible Space 35
Crime Prevention through Environmental Design 36
Displacement and Diffusion 37
Diffusion 37
Broken Windows Theory 38
Game Theory 38
Summary 39
Key Terms 40
Review Questions 40
Practical Application 40
Chapter 3 Security Administration and Management 42
Introduction 43
The Business of Security 43
Security Programs: Proprietary versus Contractual 44
Spotlight What Security Executives Should Know about Ethics 45
Business Principles 45
Ethics 45
Explaining Ethics 46
Natural Law 46
Ethical Theory 46
Religious Principles 47
Legal Requirements 47
Ethical Practice 48
Ethical Systems 48
Ethics and Security 49
Security in Practice Insider Threats 50
Administrator or Manager 50
Ethics of the Employees 50
Ethics of Leadership 51
Competitive Advantages 51
Spotlight ACTION: Decision-Making Model—Raytheon 52
Ethical Decision Making 52
Ethics and the Use of Force 52
Ethical Hiring Practices 52
The Security Profession 53
Security Professionalism 53
Security Leadership 53
Security Management Issues 54
Planning and Decision Making 54
Labor Relations 55
Financial Management 55
Change Management 55
Security Programs in the Organization 55
Motivation and Management Theories 56
Security Administration and Management Challenges 58
Demographics 58
Globalization 59
Cultural Awareness 60
Professional Certification 60
G4S Custom Protection Officer (CPO) 61
Future Security Firms 61
Spotlight Security Franchising 62
Summary 62
Key Terms 63
Review Questions 63
Practical Application 63
Chapter 4 Legal Aspects, Liability, and Regulation 64
Introduction 65
Security Exercise 65
Licensing and Professional Standards 66
Spotlight Private Officer International Helps Craft Security Laws 67
Legal Foundations of Security Law 67
Constitutional Law 68
Bill of Rights 68
Case Law (Judicial Decisions) 69
Laws of Arrest 69
Confession/Admission 70
Detention 70
Interrogation 70
Rights of Accused Persons 70
Security in Practice Training Requirements in Private Security 71
Search and Seizure 71
Statutory Criminal Law 72
Administrative Law 73
Agency Relationship 74
Employment Law 74
Strikes 74
Workers’ Compensation 74
Hiring 75
Spotlight Security and Service Animals 76
Liability Insurance 76
Sexual Harassment 76
Civil Law 77
Careers in Security 81
Summary 81
Key Terms 82
Review Questions 82
Practical Application 83
Chapter 5 Understanding, Analyzing, and Managing Risk 84
Introduction 85
Risk 85
Risk Assessment 85
Determining Risk 86
Security Exercise 87
Security Surveys 87
Spotlight Home Security Survey 88
An Ongoing Process 88
Diagram the Location 89
Cost Effectiveness 89
Spotlight Security Vulnerability Self-Assessment 90
Types of Risk 91
Sources of Risk 91
The Process of Risk Management 92
The Cycle of Risk Management 92
Risk Management Activities 93
Risk Management Programs 94
Risk Management Applications 94
Risk Management Principles 94
Organizational Risk 94
Reducing Risk 96
Steps to Optimal Risk Reduction Strategies 96
Measuring Effectiveness 96
Spotlight Managing Risk on Campus 97
Careers in Security 97
Summary 98
Key Terms 98
Review Questions 98
Practical Application 98
Chapter 6 Physical Security 99
Introduction 100
Guiding Principles 100
Physical Security 101
Designing the Security System 101
Labeling the Threat 103
Ranking the Threat 103
Protecting against the Threat 104
Perimeter Security 104
Access Barriers 105
Structural Barriers 105
Fences 106
Gates 106
Safes and Vaults 106
Locks 106
Mechanical Locks 108
Lock Picking 110
Master Keying 110
Electromagnetic Locks 110
Electrified Locking Mechanisms 110
Motion Sensors 111
Access and Entry Control 113
Biometrics 115
Security Lighting 117
Emergency Lighting 118
Security Forces 118
Security Personnel and the Use of Force 119
Dogs in Support of Security 119
Proper Use of Security Support Dogs 119
Use of Force with Security Support Dogs 120
Video Surveillance Systems 120
Legal Issues 121
The Future of Surveillance Systems 122
Layered Security 122
Crime Prevention through Environmental Design 124
Fire Safety 127
National Fire Incident Reporting System (NFIRS) 128
Fire Detectors 128
Fire Extinguishers 129
Careers in Security 130
Summary 130
Key Terms 131
Review Questions 131
Practical Application 131
Chapter 7 Institutional and Workplace Security 133
Introduction 134
Institutional and Facilities Security 134
Airport Security 134
Amusement Parks 135
Banking and Financial Institutions 135
Chemical Security 135
Convenience Stores 135
Correctional Facilities (Private) 135
Food Service Organizations 136
Government Buildings 136
Health Care Industry 136
Hospitality and Lodging (Hotels and Motels) 136
Maritime/Port Security 136
Medical and Legal Marijuana Distributions 136
Movie Theaters 137
Museums 137
Retail Complex Security (Mall, Shopping Center, General Retail Security) 137
Schools and Campuses 137
Sporting Events and Arenas 137
Security Exercise 138
The Nature of Workplace Violence 138
Types of Workplace Violence 138
Indicators of Potential for Workplace Violence 139
Domestic Violence in the Workplace 140
Active Shooter Situations 140
The Workplace Violator 142
Controlling Workplace Violence 143
Planning for Prevention 144
Prevention Strategies 145
Employee Responsibilities 146
Security in Practice Securing the Olympics 147
Emerging Forms of Institutional and Workplace Security 147
Petroleum Manufacturing and Distribution 147
Pharmaceutical Manufacturing and Distribution 147
Cruise Ships 148
Energy Manufacturing and Distribution Sector 148
Careers in Security 148
Summary 149
Key Terms 150
Review Questions 150
Practical Application 151
Chapter 8 Security Investigations and Prosecution 152
Introduction 153
Private versus Public Investigators 153
Qualifications of Private Investigators 154
Spotlight Basic Principles for Investigators 154
The Investigation Process and the Investigative Mind-Set 155
Conducting Effective Investigations 155
Criminal Investigations 156
White-Collar Crimes 156
Spotlight Sarbanes-Oxley Act 157
Fraud Investigations 157
Product Counterfeiting 159
Noncriminal Investigations 159
Due Diligence Investigations 160
Accidents 160
Theft of Trade Secrets and Economic Espionage 161
Interviewing and Interrogating 161
Spotlight Differences between Interviews and Interrogations 162
Interview Types 162
Nonverbal Communication 163
Listening Skills 163
Taking Notes 164
Surveillance 164
Surveillance Methods 165
Surveillance Types 165
Spotlight Ten Tips and Suggestions for Covert Operators 166
Undercover Operations 166
Information and Intelligence 167
Polygraph Examinations and Behavioral Analysis Interviews 168
Sources and Other Information Resources 169
Managing Human Sources 169
Report Writing 170
Case Management for the Investigator 170
Bringing the Case to Court 170
Depositions 171
Discovery 172
Court Testimony 172
Direct Examination 172
Cross-Examination 172
Spotlight Courtroom Testimony 173
Expert Testimony 174
Professional Certifications for Investigators 174
Spotlight ASIS Professional Certified Investigator 174
Networking and Liaison 176
Careers in Security 177
Summary 177
Key Terms 178
Review Questions 178
Practical Application 179
Chapter 9 Retail Security and Loss Prevention 180
Introduction 181
Retail Security, Loss Prevention, and Asset Protection 181
Goals of Retail Security and Loss Prevention Professionals 182
Shrinkage 182
Shoplifting 184
Security Exercise 186
Types of Products Targeted for Theft 186
Preventing Shoplifting 186
Spotlight Probable Cause Steps 187
Shoplifter Identification: Profiling 187
Profiling Problems 188
Changing Behavior 188
Spotlight Credentialing Loss Prevention Professionals 189
Organized Retail Crime 189
Spotlight Gate Cutters Organized Retail Crime Group 190
Combating Organized Retail Crime 191
Security in Practice Mall Security 191
Flash Mobs 192
Employee Theft/Theft from Within 192
Motivations 193
Conspiracies with Outsiders 193
Preventing Employee Theft 194
New Loss Prevention 195
Technology 196
Spotlight LERPnet2.0 - The Law Enforcement Retail Partnership Network 196
Video Surveillance 197
Spotlight Facial Recognition is a Game-Changer for Retailers 197
Emerging Forms of Theft 198
Accident Prevention 198
Vandalism, Burglary, and Robbery 199
Vandalism 199
Burglary 200
Robbery 201
Careers in Security 202
Summary 202
Key Terms 203
Review Questions 204
Practical Application 204
Chapter 10 Homeland Security and the Terrorism Threat 205
Introduction 206
Defining Homeland Security 207
The Goals of Homeland Security 209
Practicing Homeland Security 209
Private Homeland Security 211
Private/Public Cooperation 212
International Homeland Security 213
United Kingdom 213
France 213
Israel 213
Russia 214
Canada 214
The Threat of Terrorism 215
Homegrown Violent Extremists 216
Extremism 216
Spotlight Nidal Hasan 217
Religious Extremism 217
Spotlight Best Terminology for Describing the Terrorist Threat 218
Becoming an Extremist 218
Spotlight Sovereign Citizens 219
Domestic Terrorists 219
Spotlight Wolf Packs 220
Terrorist Activity in the United States 220
Spotlight Terrorism in Texas 221
Terrorists and Crime 221
Terrorism outside the United States 222
The Islamic State (IS) 222
Boko Haram 222
Spotlight Islamic State in Europe 223
Al-Shabaab 223
Terrorist Planning and Preparation 224
Terrorist Motivation 225
Domestic Terrorism and Law Enforcement 226
Bombings and Bomb Threats 227
Fires, Bombs, and Explosive Devices 228
Spotlight INTERCON Bomb Threat Plan 228
Countering Terrorism with Private Security 228
Executive and Protection Services 229
Assessing the Threat of Terrorism 230
Careers in Security 231
Summary 232
Key Terms 233
Review Questions 233
Practical Application 234
Chapter 11 Emergency Practices and Crisis/Disaster Management 235
Introduction 236
History of Emergency, Crisis, and Disaster Management 237
Supporting Emergency Management Legislation 237
Emergency, Crisis, or Disaster Management? 238
Emergencies 238
Crisis 239
Disaster 239
The Effect of Emergency, Crisis, or Disaster Management on Security 240
Maintaining Partnerships 240
Emergency Management and National Preparedness 240
Prevention 241
Protection 242
Mitigation 242
Response 243
Recovery 244
Planning 245
Emergency Response Plans 246
Public Information and Warning 247
Media and Public Relations 248
National Incident Management System 249
Incident Command System 250
Business and Operations Continuity 252
Challenges and Future Considerations for Security Professionals 256
Careers in Security 257
Summary 258
Key Terms 259
Review Questions 259
Practical Application 260
Chapter 12 Critical Infrastructure Security 261
Introduction 262
Critical Infrastructure Defined 262
Key Resources 263
Spotlight The New World Trade Center 263
Threat Analysis 264
Protecting CIKR 265
National Infrastructure Protection Plan 267
The National Response Framework 268
Information Sharing 268
Spotlight Critical Infrastructure in Occupied Territory 268
CIKR Protection at the Federal Level 269
Interagency Cooperation 270
Security Exercise 270
State, Local, and Tribal CIKR Concerns and Responsibilities 271
Fusion Centers 271
Protecting CIKR and the Private Sector 274
Industry Concerns 274
Public-Private Partnerships for Infrastructure Security 274
Benefits of Cooperation 275
Cooperation in Practice 277
New York Police Department SHIELD 277
The Law Enforcement and Private Security Organization El Paso 278
Target & BLUE 278
Operation Cooperation 278
InfraGard 278
The Process of CIKR Protection 279
Vulnerability Assessment Guidelines 279
Vulnerability Assessment Tools 280
Careers in Security 280
Summary 281
Key Terms 282
Review Questions 282
Practical Application 282
Chapter 13 Information, Cyber, and Computer Security 284
Introduction 285
Security in Practice Securing Client Networks 286
Information Security and Cyber/Computer Security 287
Information Security (INFOSEC) 288
Spotlight Wikileaks 288
Information Security Threats and Concerns 289
Spotlight Facebook 290
Spotlight Edward Snowden 292
Cyber/Computer Security 292
Cybercrimes 293
Spotlight Nigerian Scams 293
Identity theft 294
Cybercriminals 294
How Do They Do It? 295
Spotlight U.S. Computer Emergency Readiness Team 295
Spotlight Ransomware 298
Mobile Security 299
Mobile Payments 300
Cloud Computing 300
The Smart Grid 300
Mesh Networks 301
Internet of Things 301
Human Enhancements 302
Driverless Vehicles 303
Here Come the White Hats: Security’s Role in Countering Cyberattacks 303
Elicit Management Commitment 303
Securing Passwords 304
Require Firewalls 304
Encourage a Computer User Baseline 304
Countering Cyberthreats 304
Spotlight Cyber Storm 304
Cyberthreats from Within 304
Cyberwarfare and Cyberterrorism 305
Cyberterrorism 306
Spotlight Anonymous 306
Cyber Vigilantism 306
Fighting the Cyberwar 307
Cyber Caliphate 307
Spotlight What Can We Do with Cyberspace? 308
Careers in Security 308
Summary 309
Key Terms 310
Review Questions 310
Practical Application 311
Endnotes
Glossary
Index
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