Process Geomorphology

, by Ritter, Dale F.; Kochel, R. Craig; Miller, Jerry R.

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ISBN: 9780697344113 | 0697344118
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 11/19/2001

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The prime purpose of this book is to provide undergraduate students with an introductory understanding of process mechanics and how process leads to the genesis of landforms.In addition to historical concerns, today's geomorphologist must relate to problems that face hydrologists, engineers, geologists, pedologists, foresters, and many other types of earth scientists. The bond that unites geomorphology with so many apparently diverse disciplines is the common need to understand the processes operating within the Earth's surficial systems. Thus, although the historical aspect of landscapes remains important, it is absolutely essential for earth scientists to have a basic understanding of surface mechanics.

Preface

Process Geomorphology: An Introduction

(19)

Introduction

(1)

The Basics of Process Geomorphology

(16)

The Delicate Balance

(2)

Force, Process, and Resistance: The Ingredients of Balance

(1)

Driving Forces

(2)

The Resisting Framework

(5)

Thresholds and Complex Response

(2)

The Principle of Process Linkage

(1)

The Time Framework

(3)

Summary

(1)

Suggested Readings

(1)

Internal Forces and Climate

(22)

Introduction

(1)

The Endogenic Effect

(13)

Epeirogeny

(3)

Orogeny and Tectonic Geomorphology

(1)

Tectonic Geomorphology

(6)

Volcanism

(3)

Climatic Geomorphology

(6)

Climate, Process, and Landforms

(2)

Climate Change and Geomorphic Response

(1)

Sea-Level Fluctuation

(1)

Geologic and Vegetal Screens

(2)

Summary

(1)

Suggested Readings

(1)

Chemical Weathering and Soils

(37)

Introduction

(1)

Decomposition

(14)

Processes of Decomposition

(1)

Oxidation and Reduction

(1)

Solution

(1)

Hydrolysis

(1)

Ion Exchange

(1)

Mobility

(1)

Leaching

(1)

The Eh Factor

(1)

Fixation and Retardation

(1)

Chelation

(1)

The Degree of Decomposition

(1)

Mineral Stability

(1)

Secondary Minerals

(3)

Estimates Based on Chemical Analyses

(1)

The Rate of Chemical Weathering

(1)

The Complicating Factors

(1)

Soils

(20)

Soil Properties

(3)

Soil Horizon Nomenclature and Description

(1)

Soil Classification

(3)

Pedogenic Controls and Regimes

(3)

Podzolization

(2)

Laterization

(1)

Calcification

(1)

The Factor of Time

(2)

Geomorphic Significance of Soils

(5)

Summary

(1)

Suggested Readings

(1)

Physical Weathering, Mass Movement, and Slopes

(55)

Introduction

(1)

Physical Weathering

(12)

Expansion of Rocks and Minerals

(1)

Thermal Expansion

(1)

Unloading

(1)

Hydration and Swelling

(4)

Salt Weathering

(2)

Growth in Voids

(3)

The Significance of Water and Interaction of Chemical and Physical Weathering Processes

(1)

Physical Properties of Unconsolidated Debris

(7)

Shear Strength

(1)

Internal Friction

(1)

Effective Normal Stress

(1)

Cohesion

(3)

Measurement of Strength

(1)

Mass Movements of Slope Materials

(26)

Slope Stability

100

(2)

Mass Wasting Processes

102

(1)

Heave and Creep

102

(3)

Rockfalls

105

(2)

Slides

107

(6)

Flows

113

(10)

Morphology of Mass Movements

123

(2)

Slope Profiles

125

(8)

The Rock-Climate Influence

129

(2)

Slope Evolution

131

(1)

Relict Hillslope Forms

132

(1)

Summary

133

(1)

Suggested Readings

133

(1)

The Drainage Basin---Development, Morphometry, and Hydrology

134

(55)

Introduction

135

(2)

Slope Hydrology and Runoff Generation

137

(7)

Infiltration

138

(1)

Subsurface Stormflow and Saturated Overland Flow

139

(2)

The Stream Hydrograph and Response to Basin Characteristics

141

(1)

Effect of Physical Basin Characteristics

141

(3)

Initiation of Channels and the Drainage Network

144

(16)

Basin Morphometry

147

(3)

Linear Morphometric Relationships

150

(1)

Areal Morphometric Relationships

150

(3)

Relief Morphometric Relationships

153

(1)

Basin Morphometry and the Flood Hydrograph

154

(2)

Basin Evolution

156

(4)

Basin Hydrology

160

(13)

Subsurface Water

160

(1)

The Groundwater Profile

161

(1)

Movement of Groundwater

161

(1)

Aquifers, Wells, and Groundwater Utilization Problems

162

(2)

Surface Water

164

(1)

Flood Frequency

165

(3)

Paleoflood Hydrology

168

(5)

Basin Denudation

173

(15)

Slope Erosion and Sediment Yield

173

(1)

Wash

174

(1)

Sediment Yield (Soil Loss)

175

(1)

Factors Affecting Sediment Yield

176

(8)

Sediment Budgets

184

(2)

Rates of Denudation

186

(2)

Summary

188

(1)

Suggested Readings

188

(1)

Fluvial Processes

189

(43)

Introduction

190

(1)

The River Channel

190

(5)

Basic Mechanics

190

(3)

Flow Equations and Resisting Factors

193

(2)

Sediment in Channels

195

(11)

Transportation

195

(1)

Entrainment

196

(4)

Bank Erosion

200

(2)

Erosion of Bedrock Channels

202

(2)

Deposition

204

(1)

The Frequency and Magnitude of River Work

205

(1)

The Quasi-Equilibrium Condition

206

(8)

Hydraulic Geometry

207

(4)

The Influence of Slope

211

(2)

Channel Shape

213

(1)

Channel Patterns

214

(11)

Straight Channels

215

(2)

Meandering Channels

217

(4)

Braided Channels

221

(2)

Anastomosing and Anabranching Channels

223

(1)

The Continuity of Channel Patterns

224

(1)

Rivers, Equilibrium, and Time

225

(6)

Adjustment of Gradient

228

(2)

Adjustment of Shape and Pattern

230

(1)

Summary

231

(1)

Suggested Readings

231

(1)

Fluvial Landforms

232

(39)

Introduction

233

(1)

Floodplains

233

(9)

Deposits and Topography

235

(2)

The Origin of Floodplains

237

(1)

The Humid-Temperate Model

237

(4)

Spatial and Temporal Effects

241

(1)

Fluvial Terraces

242

(6)

Types and Classification

243

(1)

The Origin of Terraces

243

(1)

Depositional Terraces

243

(1)

Erosional Terraces

244

(2)

Terrace Origin and the Field Problem

246

(2)

Piedmont Environment: Fans and Pediments

248

(16)

Alluvial Fans

248

(3)

Fan Morphology

251

(4)

Fan Deposits and Origins

255

(4)

Pediments

259

(1)

Morphology and Topography

260

(2)

Processes

262

(1)

Formative Models

263

(1)

Deltas

264

(5)

Delta Classification, Morphology, and Deposits

264

(2)

Delta Evolution

266

(3)

Summary

269

(1)

Suggested Readings

270

(1)

Wind Processes and Landforms

271

(25)

Introduction

272

(1)

The Resisting Environment

272

(3)

The Driving Force

275

(1)

Entrainment and Transportation

276

(19)

Processes

276

(1)

The Effect of Saltation

277

(3)

Erosional Features

280

(2)

Deposits and Features

282

(3)

Ripples

285

(1)

Dunes

286

(6)

Fine-Grained Deposits

292

(3)

Summary

295

(1)

Suggested Readings

295

(1)

Glaciers and Glacial Mechanics

296

(25)

Introduction

297

(1)

Glacial Origins and Types

297

(4)

The Mass Balance

301

(1)

The Movement of Glaciers

302

(13)

Internal Motion

303

(1)

Basic Mechanics

303

(1)

A Simple Model of Internal Flow

304

(2)

Extending and Compressive Flow

306

(2)

Sliding

308

(4)

Motion with Deforming Subglacial Sediments

312

(1)

Velocity Variations with Time

313

(2)

Ice Structures

315

(4)

Stratification

316

(1)

Secondary Features

316

(1)

Foliation

316

(1)

Crevasses

316

(3)

Summary

319

(1)

Suggested Readings

320

(1)

Glacial Erosion, Deposition, and Landforms

321

(37)

Introduction

322

(1)

Erosional Processes and Features

322

(1)

Minor Subglacial Features

322

(13)

Cirques

328

(1)

Cirque Morphology

328

(1)

Cirque Formation

329

(3)

Glacial Troughs

332

(3)

Deposits and Depositional Features

335

(21)

Drift Types

335

(1)

Nonstratified Drift

335

(3)

Stratified Drift

338

(1)

The Depositional Framework

338

(3)

Marginal Ice-Contact Features

341

(1)

Moraines

341

(3)

Stratified Marginal Features

344

(5)

Interior Ice-Contact Features

349

(1)

Interior Moraine

349

(1)

Fluted Surfaces and Drumlins

350

(4)

Proglacial Features

354

(2)

Summary

356

(1)

Suggested Readings

357

(1)

Periglacial Processes and Landforms

358

(48)

Introduction

359

(1)

Permafrost and Ground Ice

360

(8)

Definition and Thermal Characteristics

360

(1)

Distribution, Thickness, and Origin

361

(5)

Hydrology

366

(2)

Periglacial Processes

368

(9)

Frost Action

368

(1)

Frost Wedging

369

(1)

Frost Heaving and Thrusting

370

(1)

Frost Sorting

371

(1)

Frost Cracking

372

(1)

Nivation

373

(1)

Pedogenesis in Permafrost Terrain

373

(1)

Mass Movements

374

(1)

Frost Creep

374

(1)

Solifluction (Gelifluction)

374

(3)

Periglacial Landforms

377

(1)

Landforms Associated with Permafrost

377

(19)

Ice Wedges and Ice-Wedge Polygons

377

(2)

Pingos

379

(2)

Thermokarst

381

(1)

Patterned Ground

381

(1)

Classification

381

(4)

Origin

385

(1)

Landforms Associated with Mass Movement

386

(1)

Stratified Slope Deposits

386

(1)

Gelifluction Features

386

(1)

Rock Glaciers

387

(2)

Blockfields

389

(2)

Cryoplanation Terraces

391

(4)

Relict Periglacial Features and Their Significance

395

(1)

Environmental and Engineering Considerations

396

(9)

Building Foundations

397

(1)

Roads and Airfields

397

(2)

Utilities: Water and Sewage

399

(1)

Pipelines

399

(1)

Implications for Global Warming

400

(1)

Applications to Planetary Geology

401

(4)

Summary

405

(1)

Suggested Readings

405

(1)

Karst---Processes and Landforms

406

(27)

Introduction

407

(1)

Definitions and Characteristics

407

(1)

The Processes and Their Controls

408

(1)

Karst Rocks---The Resisting Framework

408

(5)

Lithology

408

(1)

Porosity and Permeability

409

(1)

The Driving Mechanics and Controls

410

(1)

The Solution Process

410

(2)

Solution Rates---The Controlling Factors

412

(1)

Spatial Variations in Limestone Solution

413

(1)

Karst Hydrology and Drainage Characteristics

413

(6)

Surface Flow

413

(1)

Karst Aquifers and Groundwater Flow

414

(1)

The Relations Between Surface and Groundwater

415

(3)

Morphology of Karst Drainage

418

(1)

Surficial Landforms

419

(9)

Closed Depressions

419

(1)

Dolines

419

(3)

Doline Morphometry

422

(1)

Uvalas and Poljes

423

(1)

Karst Valleys

424

(1)

Allogenic Valleys

424

(1)

Blind and Dry Valleys

424

(1)

Pocket Valleys

425

(1)

Cockpit and Tower Karst

425

(3)

Limestone Caves

428

(4)

Cave Physiography

428

(1)

Entrances and Terminations

428

(1)

Passages and Passage Morphology

428

(2)

The Origin of Limestone Caves

430

(2)

Summary

432

(1)

Suggested Readings

432

(1)

Coastal Processes and Landforms

433

(58)

Introduction

434

(2)

Coastal Processes

436

(15)

Waves

437

(1)

Wave Generation

437

(3)

Wave Modification Near the Coast

440

(5)

Tsunamis and Seiches

445

(1)

Tides and Currents

445

(1)

Tides

445

(3)

Nearshore Currents

448

(3)

Beaches

451

(15)

The Beach Profile and Equilibrium

451

(2)

Nearshore Bars

453

(2)

Beach Morphodynamics

455

(5)

Shoreline Configurations and Beach Landforms

460

(1)

Beach Cusps

461

(3)

Large-Scale Rhythmic Topography and Capes

464

(2)

Coastal Topography

466

(7)

High-Relief, Erosional Shorelines

467

(3)

Low-Relief, Depositional Shorelines

470

(3)

Shoreline Change

473

(8)

Rates of Change

474

(2)

Causes of Shoreline Erosion

476

(1)

Rising Sea Level

476

(2)

Coastal Storms

478

(3)

Barrier Islands

481

(9)

Distribution and Characteristics

481

(2)

Geomorphic Processes and Dynamics

483

(7)

Summary

490

(1)

Suggested Readings

490

(1)

Bibliography

491

(54)

Credits

545

(3)

Index

548

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Process Geomorphology

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials