Promoting Community Change Making It Happen in the Real World

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ISBN: 9780534606336 | 0534606334
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 7/21/2003

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Part I: RESPONDING TO THE NEED FOR COMMUNITY CHANGE. 1. Understanding the Challenge to Change. 2. Theoretical Frameworks for Community Change. 3. Relating Community Change to Professional Practice. 4. Putting Yourself in the Picture. Part II: PUTTING THE PIECES TOGETHER. 5. Taming the Green-Eyed Monster: Using Information and Communication Technology. 6. Knowing Your Community. 7. Power. 8. Powerful Planning. 9. People--The Most Valuable Resource. 10. Raising Other Resources. 11. Getting the Word Out. 12. Building the Organized Effort. 13. Taking Action--Strategies and Tactics. Part III: A CLOSER LOOK AT TYPICAL CHANGE CONTEXTS. 14. Enhancing the Power of Neighborhoods. 15. Increasing the Effectiveness of Established, Formal Organizations. 16. Lobbying for Change. References. Index.

PART 1 Responding to the Need for Community Change

(102)

CHAPTER 1 Understanding the Challenge to Change

(28)

What's Going On Out There?

(2)

What You Will See If You Look

(2)

Beyond a Consideration of Problems

(1)

Can You Really Do Anything About All Those Problems?

(1)

Some Basic Issues That Deserve Your Attention

(3)

Empowerment

(1)

Resistance to Working for Change

(2)

Weeds and Roots, Bandages and Balms

(1)

Operation and Regeneration

(1)

The Need for Cultural Awareness, Respect, and Competency

(12)

What Is Cultural Competence?

(3)

Our Increasingly Diverse Society

(4)

Valuing Diversity

(3)

The Community as Client

(2)

Targets for Community Change

(3)

Community Involvement

(1)

Improving the Service Delivery System

(1)

Making Improvements Within Your Own Agency

(1)

Political Involvement

(1)

Using the Courts

(1)

A Modest Recognition of Idealism

(1)

Conclusion

(1)

Helpful Web Sites

(2)

CHAPTER 2 Theoretical Frameworks for Community Change

(30)

Systems Theory and Communities

(2)

Healthy Communities Produce Healthy People

(5)

Functioning to Meet System Needs

(1)

Recognizing and Valuing Resources

(1)

Inclusivity

(1)

Community Capital

(3)

Theoretical Perspectives on Community Change

(5)

Power

(1)

Organizing and Organizations

(1)

Action

(1)

Culture

(1)

Change

(1)

Close Communities Provide a Context for Action

(1)

Theory and Philosophy of Praxiology

(2)

Supporting Theoretical Propositions

(2)

Conflict Affects Commitment to Organizing for Change

(1)

Crisis Can Contribute to Community Action

(1)

Working Relationships Require Communication and Trust

(1)

Organizing Models for Community Change

(2)

The Community Development Model

(5)

Elements of Community Development

(3)

Social Action and Community Development

(1)

Conclusion

(2)

Helpful Web Sites

(1)

CHAPTER 3 Relating Community Change to Professional Practice

(22)

Basic Purposes of Social Welfare

(4)

Three Views of Social Welfare

(2)

Development Versus Service

(1)

Traditional Approaches to Professional Practice

(5)

Working as a Change Agent

(1)

Direct Work with Individuals

(1)

Five Stages of Partnership Development

(1)

A Place for Community Change

(3)

Implications of Professional Values

(2)

Under the Guise of Caring

(3)

The Painful Limits of Limited Action

(1)

Picking the Hills You Are Going to Fight On

(1)

You Have the Theoretical Base

(3)

Major Features of a Systems Perspective

(1)

Applications of a Systems Perspective

(1)

You Have the skills You Need

(2)

Conclusion

(1)

Helpful Web Sites

(1)

CHAPTER 4 Putting Yourself in the Picture

(19)

Taking Action

(2)

Recognizing the Need for Action

(1)

Responding to Unacceptable Circumstances

(1)

Giving Yourself Permission to Act

(1)

Recognize Your Ability to Promote Change

(1)

Developing sanction

(4)

Gaining Consent from Those Who Must Move to Action

(1)

Integrating Your Change Efforts with Your Job Responsibilities

(3)

Juggling Your Immediate Duties on the Job

(1)

Keeping Your Personal Life Happy and Healthy

(3)

Common Pitfalls

(2)

Avoiding the Traps and Benefiting from the Experience

(1)

Ten Pondering Questions

(1)

Avoid Burnout

(2)

Some Keys to Personal Effectiveness

(1)

Final Five

(1)

Conclusion

100

(1)

Helpful Web Sites

101

(2)

PART II Putting the Pieces Together

103

(334)

CHAPTER 5 Taming the Green Eyed Monster: Using Information and Communication Technology

106

(40)

The Digital Divide

109

(5)

Introducing the Internet

114

(1)

Searching the Web

115

(7)

Search Engines

116

(2)

Subject Directories

118

(1)

Deep Web

118

(1)

Additional Search Tips

119

(3)

Getting Started

122

(4)

An Adequate Computer

122

(2)

An Internet Connection

124

(1)

An Internet Service Provider

125

(1)

Communications Software with a Web Browser

125

(1)

Personal Digital Assistant

125

(1)

Learning About Your Community

126

(1)

Learning About Your Issue

127

(2)

Record Keeping

129

(3)

Making Provocative Presentations

132

(1)

Putting Yourself Out There

132

(6)

Web Page

133

(3)

Web Group

136

(1)

Using Electronic Mail (E-Mail)

136

(1)

Mailing Lists

137

(1)

Working Together

138

(2)

Conferencing

138

(1)

Instant Messaging

139

(1)

Communicating with Members of Your Organization

140

(2)

Training and Support

142

(2)

Conclusion

144

(1)

Helpful Web Sites

144

(2)

CHAPTER 6 Knowing Your Community

146

(32)

Perspectives on Community

148

(4)

Your Community as a Community

148

(2)

Communities and Subcommunities

150

(1)

Communities in Your Arena of Action

151

(1)

What to Look for in Your Community

152

(15)

Basic Community Characteristics

154

(1)

How the Community Functions

155

(3)

Assessing the Community's Needs and Resources

158

(7)

Capacity for Change and Disposition to Change

165

(2)

How to Find Out What You Need to Know

167

(9)

Valuing the Library

167

(3)

Special Libraries

170

(1)

Leaving the Library and Looking for More

170

(5)

Informal Methods

175

(1)

Conclusion

176

(1)

Helpful Web Sites

177

(1)

CHAPTER 7 Power

178

(26)

What Is Power?

180

(3)

Do You Need Power?

183

(1)

Fear of Power

184

(1)

Who Has Power?

185

(7)

Common Bases of Power in a Community

185

(4)

Common Bases of Power in a Group

189

(1)

Determining Who Holds Power

190

(2)

Assessing and Building Your Own Bases of Power

192

(2)

Making Use of Existing Power

193

(1)

Building Power Through Organization

194

(1)

Developing Personal Power in the Broad Community

194

(4)

Putting Yourself in the Power Loop

195

(1)

Using Information

196

(1)

Inspiring Confidence

196

(2)

Using Your Power

198

(1)

Empowering Others

199

(2)

Conclusion

201

(2)

Helpful Web Sites

203

(1)

CHAPTER 8 Powerful Planning

204

(28)

What Is a Plan? What Is Planning?

206

(2)

Some Basic Reasons for Planning

208

(1)

How Much Planning Is Needed?

209

(2)

Levels of Planning

211

(3)

Basic Planning Elements

214

(11)

Identify Current Discomfort or Opportunity

215

(1)

Identify Your Vision for the Future

215

(1)

Identify Your Target Using Images of Potentiality

215

(1)

Identify Factors in the Future Environment

216

(1)

Identify Current Obstacles and Current Resources

217

(2)

Identify Stakeholders

219

(1)

Identify Actions That Use Existing Advantages to Overcome Obstacles

220

(1)

Identify the Sequence and Time Frame of Actions

220

(1)

Identify People Who Will Handle Necessary Tasks

221

(1)

Identify Indicators That Show Planned Tasks Were Completed

222

(1)

Identify Measures of Effectiveness and Indicators of Trouble

222

(1)

Perform Identified Tasks

223

(1)

Monitor, Evaluate, and Refine

223

(2)

Obstacles

225

(6)

An Unpredictable Future

225

(1)

Lack of Skill

225

(2)

Lack of Interest

227

(1)

Thirst for Immediate Action

228

(1)

Planning to Avoid Action

229

(1)

Belief That Plans Won't Have an Impact on Decision Making

229

(1)

Forgetting to Include People in Planning

229

(1)

Defining the Problem in Terms of the Solution

230

(1)

Groupthink

230

(1)

Conclusion

231

(1)

Helpful Web Sites

231

(1)

CHAPTER 9 People-The Most Valuable Resource

232

(28)

What Do You Need?

234

(8)

Level of Participation

235

(4)

Talents and Assets

239

(2)

The Right Stuff

241

(1)

Getting People Involved

242

(10)

Contact People

243

(2)

Give People a Reason to Join

245

(1)

Ask for Participation

245

(2)

Maintain Involvement

247

(5)

Working with Volunteers

252

(2)

Cultural Competency

254

(2)

Some Reflections on People

256

(2)

Conclusion

258

(1)

Helpful Web sites

259

(1)

CHAPTER 10 Raising Other Resources

260

(58)

Building Your Budget

262

(1)

Hustling for the Things You Need

263

(6)

Ask for What You Need

268

(1)

Get to Know Your Community's Resources

268

(1)

Getting and Spending Money

269

(2)

Staff, an Expensive Item

270

(1)

Keep Some Money in Reserve

271

(1)

Filling the Coffers

271

(2)

Contributions from Individuals

273

(25)

Inclusive Fund-Raising

274

(3)

Six Basic Steps

277

(1)

Direct Requests

278

(2)

Pitching to Groups

280

(1)

Memberships

281

(2)

Indirect Requests

283

(1)

Telephone Solicitation

283

(2)

Telephone Support for Small Mail Campaigns

285

(2)

Direct Mail

287

(1)

Events

287

(7)

Nonevents

294

(1)

Sales

295

(2)

Planned Giving

297

(1)

Looking in the Nooks and Crannies

297

(1)

Using the Internet as a Fund-Raising Tool

298

(1)

Securing Funds from Public and Private Organizations

299

(11)

Identifying Prospective Sources

300

(8)

Public Funding

308

(2)

Get to Know the People Involved

310

(1)

Grant Writing

310

(5)

Verbal Presentations

315

(1)

Collaboration

315

(1)

Strings Attached

315

(1)

Conclusion

316

(1)

Helpful Web Sites

316

(2)

CHAPTER 11 Getting the Word Out

318

(30)

Importance of Making Your Efforts Known

320

(2)

Let People Know You Exist

320

(1)

Stir Interest

320

(1)

Expose the Issue and Educate for Action

320

(1)

Attract New support

321

(1)

Strengthen Affiliation

321

(1)

Credibility

321

(1)

Identifying the People You Need to Reach

322

(1)

The Three Holy M's

323

(1)

Techniques for Sending the Message That You Control

324

(6)

Word of Mouth

324

(1)

Meetings

324

(1)

Newsletters

325

(1)

Brochures

326

(1)

Position Papers

326

(2)

Speakers' Bureau

328

(1)

Fliers and Posters

328

(1)

Internet and Online Resources

329

(1)

Review of Methods Other People Control

330

(16)

Other Groups and Organizations

331

(1)

Public Service Advertising

331

(3)

Entertainment and Public Affairs Programming

334

(2)

News Media

336

(10)

Conclusion

346

(1)

Helpful Web sites

347

(1)

CHAPTER 12 Building the Organized Effort

348

(48)

Organizations Are Built Around Issues

351

(8)

What Are Issues?

351

(1)

Types of Issues

352

(2)

Issues and Organizations

354

(1)

Issues and Organization Development

355

(1)

Selecting Issues for Action

356

(3)

Bringing the Organization Along

359

(8)

Identify What's Bugging You

359

(1)

Think About It for a While

359

(1)

Do a Little Homework

359

(1)

Identify Other Interested Individuals

360

(1)

Identify Those Who Are Willing to Do Something

360

(1)

Have a Small Group Meeting

360

(1)

Recruit and Do Your Homework

361

(1)

Hold Your Next Get-Together(s)

361

(1)

Do What Needs to Be Done

362

(1)

Get Together Again

363

(2)

Go Public

365

(1)

Hold a Formalizing Meeting

366

(1)

Begin Indirect Recruitment

366

(1)

Keep Working, Monitor Progress, and Confirm the Actuality of Change

367

(1)

Developing Your Organization

367

(3)

Develop Leadership

367

(1)

Expect Natural Turnover

368

(1)

Get People Doing Something Right Away

369

(1)

Know That Things Will Take Longer Than They Should

369

(1)

Decide if an Easily Achieved Gain Is Better Than One Gained from Struggle

369

(1)

Accept the Reality of Unearned Dividends

369

(1)

Move Past Reaction

370

(1)

Theory of Structural Limitations

370

(1)

General Stages of Organizational Development

370

(2)

Introduction

371

(1)

Initial Action

371

(1)

Emergence of Leadership and Structure

371

(1)

Letdown, Loss of Members, and Floundering

371

(1)

Recommitment, New Tasks, and New Members

371

(1)

Sustained Action

372

(1)

Continued Growth, Decline, or Termination

372

(1)

Small Group Process

372

(8)

Task and Relationship Dimensions

372

(1)

Effective and Ineffective Groups

373

(2)

Stages of Group Development

375

(1)

Common Pitfalls for Groups Promoting Change

376

(2)

Meetings That Keep the Momentum

378

(2)

Types of Organizations

380

(7)

Membership Organizations

380

(1)

Open Organizations

381

(1)

Coalitions

381

(4)

Networks

385

(1)

Core Group and Steering Committee Organizations

386

(1)

Incorporating

387

(6)

Benefits of Incorporating

388

(1)

Basic Steps of Incorporation

388

(3)

Exploding the Lobbying Myth: Taking an Active Role

391

(2)

Conclusion

393

(1)

Helpful Web sites

394

(2)

CHAPTER 13 Taking Action Strategies and Tactics

396

(41)

Major Action Strategies and Tactics

399

(27)

Confrontation

403

(9)

Negotiation

412

(6)

Collaboration

418

(4)

Cooptation

422

(4)

Other Strategic and Tactical Considerations

426

(3)

Adhere to a Firm Code of Ethics

426

(1)

Recognize Mutual Benefits

427

(1)

Education as a Strategy

428

(1)

Create a Receptive Environment

428

(1)

Understand the Power-Issue Relationship

428

(1)

Get the Right People in the Right Places

429

(1)

Tricks for Special Occasions

429

(2)

Stacking a Small Room

430

(1)

Defusing an Opposing Argument

430

(1)

Keeping the Record Straight

430

(1)

Individualized Petitions

431

(1)

Strategies and Tactics the Target May Use on You

431

(3)

Buffer Groups

431

(1)

Divide and Conquer

431

(1)

Absence of Decision Makers

432

(1)

Vague Agreements

432

(1)

Telling You What You Want to Hear

432

(1)

Endless Meetings

432

(1)

Requests for Volumes of Information

433

(1)

Withholding Information

433

(1)

Overwhelming You with Information

433

(1)

Providing You with Special Attention or Offerings

433

(1)

Feigning Injury or Hurt Feelings

433

(1)

Commandments of Change

434

(1)

Do You Have What It Takes?

434

(1)

Conclusion

435

(1)

Helpful Web Sites

435

(2)

PART III A Closer Look at Typical Change Contexts

437

(69)

CHAPTER 14 Enhancing the Quality of Neighborhoods

440

(26)

What Is a Neighborhood?

441

(4)

Neighborhood as a Focus of Attention for Professional Workers

443

(1)

Some Fundamental Challenges to Neighborhood Health

444

(1)

Neighborhood Assets and the Dakota Experience

445

(1)

Quality Neighborhoods

445

(2)

Natural Processes of Neighborhood Change

447

(4)

Invasion-Succession Model

447

(1)

Life Cycle Model

448

(1)

Political Capacity

448

(1)

Additional Models of Neighborhood Change

449

(2)

Understanding Neighborhood Organization

451

(6)

Types of Neighborhood Organizations

451

(3)

Activities of Neighborhood Organizations

454

(2)

Elements of Successful Neighborhood Organizations

456

(1)

A Comprehensive Neighborhood Revitalization Program

457

(3)

Basic Change-Related Tasks

457

(1)

Tools for the Neighborhood Builder

458

(2)

Additional Factors Related to Successful Neighborhood Change

460

(2)

Sources of Strength

460

(1)

Economic Considerations

461

(1)

Diverse Perspectives

461

(1)

Enhancing the Prospects for Success

462

(1)

Some Final Considerations

463

(1)

Something for the Children

464

(2)

CHAPTER 15 Increasing the Effectiveness of Established, Formal Organizations

466

(18)

Types of Changes

469

(1)

Elements Affecting the Behavior of Organizations

470

(2)

Organizations as Systems

470

(2)

Structural Characteristics of Organizations

472

(1)

Additional Processes Influencing Change

472

(2)

Overcome Success

472

(1)

Overcome Failures

472

(1)

Recognize Potential Problems

473

(1)

Principles for Increasing Your Effectiveness

474

(7)

Some Final Considerations

481

(1)

Breakfast at Tommie's

481

(3)

CHAPTER 16 Lobbying for Change

484

(22)

Getting Started

487

(1)

Basic Components of an Organized Lobbying Effort

488

(3)

A Skeletal Outline of the Legislative Process

491

(3)

Basic Lobbying Activities

494

(6)

Letter Writing

498

(1)

Testifying

499

(1)

Other Things You Should Know or Do to Increase Your Effectiveness

500

(3)

Some Final Considerations

503

(1)

The Hearing

503

(3)

References

506

(16)

Index

522

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Promoting Community Change Making It Happen in the Real World

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials