Pronouns

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ISBN: 9780199269129 | 0199269122
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 2/12/2004

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This pioneering study of pronouns takes into account more than 250 languages. It contrasts personal pronouns with pronouns such as demonstratives, interrogatives, and relatives and shows that they belong to two distinct categories. Previously undiscovered characteristics of the two categories of pronouns are introduced and examined in detail from a cross-linguistic and functional perspective.

Abbreviations

Preface

1 Introduction

(34)

1.1 'Pronoun' as a category

(5)

1.1.1 Defining pronouns

(2)

1.1.2 Two types of 'pronouns'

(2)

1.2 Basis of the distinction

(7)

1.2.1 Differentiating characteristics

(3)

1.2.2 Possibility of gradation

(1)

1.3 Position of third person pronouns

(2)

1.4 'Free-pronoun' and 'bound-pronoun' languages

(15)

1.4.1 Two kinds of agreement

(2)

1.4.2 Disparity between pronominal systems

(4)

1.4.3 Obligatoriness

(3)

1.4.4 Stability

(3)

1.4.5 Nature of the distinction

(1)

1.4.6 Only a speculation

(1)

1.5 Languages without personal pronouns

(1)

1.6 Structure of the monograph

(4)

Part I: Personal Pronouns

(116)

2 Relation with the Referent

(21)

2.1 Introduction

(1)

2.2 Dissociation from the referent

(9)

2.2.1 Referentiality of personal pronouns

(2)

2.2.2 File cards for referents

(1)

2.2.3 Use of alternative devices

(4)

2.3 Notion of definiteness

(5)

2.3.1 Evidence for definiteness

(1)

2.3.2 Evidence against definiteness

(2)

2.3.3 Personal pronouns as determiners

(2)

2.4 Association with the nominal category

(4)

2.4.1 Inability to take modifiers and complements

(2)

2.4.2 Association with numerals

(1)

2.5 Conflicting characteristics

(1)

2.6 Summary

(1)

3 Coreference and Non-Coreference

(33)

3.1 Logophoric non-coreference

(16)

3.1.1 Third person 'logophors'

(4)

3.1.2 Anaphoric pronouns

(1)

3.1.3 Contrast between logophoric and anaphoric pronouns

(7)

3.2 Anaphora among personal pronouns and proforms

(4)

3.3 Distinctions in the predicate

(11)

3.3.1 Reflexive meaning

(5)

3.3.2 Switch-reference

(1)

3.3.3 Reciprocal meaning

(2)

3.3.4 Modal distinctions

(2)

3.4 Summary

(2)

4 Association with Grammatical Categories

(29)

4.1 Introduction

(1)

4.2 Association with the category of number

(18)

4.2.1 Homogeneous and heterogeneous plurals

(2)

4.2.2 Plurality and conjunction

(4)

4.2.3 Dichotomous association

(1)

4.2.4 Combinations of pronouns

100

(1)

4.2.5 Minimal and augmented forms

101

(2)

4.2.6 Inclusory conjunction

103

(2)

4.2.7 Hierarchy of number marking

105

(4)

4.3 Association with the category of gender

109

(3)

4.3.1 Restricted occurrences

109

(1)

4.3.2 Explanations for irregularity

110

(1)

4.3.3 Politeness distinctions

111

(1)

4.4 Association with the category of case

112

(6)

4.4.1 Sagittal case marking

113

(2)

4.4.2 Prominence of speech act participants

115

(1)

4.4.3 Direct inverse marking

116

(1)

4.4.4 Constraint on the occurrence of bound themes

117

(1)

4.5 Summary

118

(2)

5 Conflicting Characteristics

120

(12)

5.1 Introduction

120

(1)

5.2 Prominence of speech roles

121

(7)

5.2.1 Prominence of the speaker

122

(2)

5.2.2 Prominence of the addressee

124

(1)

5.2.3 Hierarchy of nominal categories

125

(3)

5.3 Personal pronouns as Janus-like

128

(2)

5.4 Basis of differentiation

130

(1)

5.5 Summary

131

(1)

6 The Position of Third Person Pronouns

132

(21)

6.1 Introduction

132

(2)

6.2 'Two-person' and 'three-person' languages

134

(4)

6.2.1 Nature of the affinity

135

(3)

6.2.2 Distinction between third person pronouns and demonstratives

138

(1)

6.3 Gender distinctions

138

(2)

6.4 Person-oriented and distance-oriented demonstratives

140

(5)

6.4.1 Exceptions to the correlation

143

(2)

6.5 Distinctions in other areas of grammar

145

(2)

6.6 Position of language families

147

(2)

6.6.1 Two-person languages

147

(1)

6.6.2 Three-person languages

148

(1)

6.7 Functional distinctions

149

(1)

6.8 Summary

150

(1)

Part II: Proforms

151

(126)

7 The Structure of Proforms

153

(22)

7.1 Introduction

153

(1)

7.2 Paradigms of proforms

153

(10)

7.2.1 Order of constituents

157

(4)

7.2.2 Identifying the constituents

161

(2)

7.3 Complex structures

163

(10)

7.3.1 Complexity in the expression of functional distinctions

164

(5)

7.3.2 Complexity in the expression of general concepts

169

(2)

7.3.3 Effects of grammaticalization

171

(1)

7.3.4 Use of peripheral concepts as basic constituents

172

(1)

7.4 Summary

173

(2)

8 Constituent Elements of Proforms

175

(25)

8.1 Introduction

175

(1)

8.2 Functional distinctions

175

(11)

8.2.1 Distinctions among demonstratives

177

(5)

8.2.2 Distinctions among interrogative-indefinites

182

(1)

8.2.3 Distinctions among relative-anaphors

183

(3)

8.3 Neutralization of functional distinctions

186

(4)

8.3.1 Combining all the three main functions

186

(1)

8.3.2 Combining demonstratives with interrogative-indefinites

187

(2)

8.3.3 Combining demonstratives with relative-anaphors

189

(1)

8.3.4 Combining interrogative-indefinites with relative-anaphors

189

(1)

8.4 General concepts

190

(6)

8.4.1 Word-class distinctions

190

(2)

8.4.2 Distinctions among different word classes

192

(3)

8.4.3 Representation of general concepts

195

(1)

8.5 Overlap between pronominal functions and general concepts

196

(2)

8.6 Summary

198

(2)

9 Characteristics of Proforms

200

(26)

9.1 Introduction

200

(1)

9.2 Denoting a general concept

200

(10)

9.2.1 Linguistic and extra-linguistic identifications

202

(5)

9.2.2 Persistence of indefiniteness

207

(2)

9.2.3 Introducing new entities

209

(1)

9.3 Using proforms for different purposes

210

(4)

9.3.1 Indefiniteness of interrogatives

211

(1)

9.3.2 Range of occurrence

212

(2)

9.4 Associating with different categories

214

(10)

9.4.1 Notion of pragmatic reference

215

(5)

9.4.2 Notion of semantic reference

220

(2)

9.4.3 Notion of scope

222

(2)

9.5 Summary

224

(2)

10 Interrogative-Indefinite Puzzle

226

(24)

10.1 Introduction

10.1.1 Puzzle about the interrogative indefinite relationship

227

(2)

10.1.2 As part of a system of proforms

229

(2)

10.1.3 Semantic differences

231

(1)

10.1.4 Solution to the puzzle

232

(2)

10.2 Request for information

234

(6)

10.2.1 Use of interrogative intonation

234

(1)

10.2.2 Use of interrogative particles

235

(3)

10.2.3 Use of interrogative mood

238

(1)

10.2.4 Derived interrogatives

238

(2)

10.3 Restricting the question to a constituent

240

(4)

10.3.1 Shifting the pronoun to the sentence-initial position

240

(2)

10.3.2 Shifting to other focus positions

242

(1)

10.3.3 Use of focus particles

242

(1)

10.3.4 Use of focus constructions

243

(1)

10.4 Combining the two notions

244

(2)

10.4.1 Use of distinct intonations

245

(1)

10.4.2 Use of distinct question particles

245

(1)

10.5 Non-marking and double-marking

246

(2)

10.6 Summary

248

(2)

11 Other Related Puzzles

250

(22)

11.1 Introduction

250

(1)

11.2 Derivation of indefinite pronouns

250

(12)

11.2.1 Differentiating languages

252

(3)

11.2.2 Non-differentiating languages

255

(2)

11.2.3 Possible counter-examples

257

(1)

11.2.4 Distinction between 'even' and 'at least'

258

(2)

11.2.5 Additional distinctions

260

(1)

11.2.6 Grammaticalization of marked indefinites

261

(1)

11.3 Puzzle about indirect 'questions'

262

(4)

11.4 Interrogative-relative puzzle

266

(5)

11.5 Summary

271

(1)

12 Concluding Remarks

272

(5)

12.1 Definitions for pronouns

272

(2)

12.2 Plurality and conjunction

274

(1)

12.3 Pragmatic and semantic identity and reference

275

(1)

12.4 Interrogation and indefiniteness

276

(1)

Appendix: List of 225 languages used as a sample

277

(15)

References

292

(15)

Index of Authors

307

(5)

Index of Languages

312

(4)

Index of Subjects

316

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Pronouns

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials