Psychologist as Detective, The: An Introduction to Conducting Research in Psychology

, by Smith, Randolph A.; Davis, Stephen F.

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ISBN: 9780130219824 | 0130219827
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 1/1/2001

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For undergraduate courses in Experimental Psychology, Research Methods, and Experimental Design. This text conveys the excitement of research methodology through a lively, conversational style. To make the study of the research process interactive and accessible for students, pedagogical features and critical thinking activities are integrated throughout the text. Actual student research appears in each chapter to increase relevance and heighten student interest.

Preface

The Science of Psychology

(21)

Ways to Acquire Knowledge

(3)

Tenacity

(1)

Authority

(1)

Experience

(1)

Reason and Logic

(1)

Science

(1)

Components of the Scientific Method

(2)

Objectivity

(1)

Confirmation of Findings

(1)

Self-Correction

(1)

Control

(1)

The Psychological Experiment

(1)

Independent Variables

(1)

Dependent Variables

(1)

Extraneous Variables

(1)

Establishing Cause-and-Effect Relations

(3)

The Research Process

(7)

Finding a Problem

(1)

Reviewing the Literature

(1)

Theoretical Considerations

(1)

Hypothesis

(1)

Research Design

(1)

Conducting the Experiment

(1)

Data Analysis and Statistical Decisions

(1)

Decisions in Terms of Past Research and Theory

(1)

Preparing the Research Report

(1)

Sharing Your Results: Presentation and Publication

(3)

Finding a New Problem

(1)

Why is the Research Methods Course Important?

(3)

Research Ideas and Hypotheses

(23)

The Research Idea

(5)

Characteristics of Good Research Ideas

(1)

Sources of Research Ideas

(4)

Developing a Research Question

(1)

Surveying The Psychological Literature

(9)

Formulating the Research Hypothesis

(1)

Characteristics of the Research Hypothesis

(8)

Ethics in Psychological Research

(18)

The Need for Ethical Principles

(2)

APA Principles in the Conduct of Research with Humans

(6)

Is Deception in Research Necessary?

(1)

Informed Consent

(2)

Participants at Risk and Participants at Minimal Risk

(1)

Vulnerable Populations

(1)

The Debriefing Session

(1)

The Ethical Use of Animals in Psychological Research

(1)

The Institutional Review Board

(1)

The Experimenter's Responsibility

(1)

The Participant's Responsibility

(1)

Researcher's Ethical Obligations Once the Research is Completed

(6)

Plagiarism

(2)

Fabrication of Data

(1)

Lying With Statistics

(1)

Citing Your References Correctly

(3)

Nonexperimental Methods, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sampling and Basic Research Strategies

(32)

Descriptive Methods

(11)

Archival and Previously Recorded Sources of Data

(2)

Observational Techniques

(6)

Grounded Theory

(3)

Correlational Studies

(2)

The Nature of Correlations

(1)

Correlational Research

(1)

Ex Post Facto Studies

(2)

Surveys, Questionnaires, Tests, and Inventories

(10)

Surveys and Questionnaires

(6)

Tests and Inventories

(3)

Sampling Considerations and Basic Research Strategies

(6)

Sampling

(2)

Basic Research Strategies

(4)

The Basics of Experimentation I: Variables and Control

(37)

The Nature of Variables

(1)

Operationally Defining Variables

(1)

Independent Variables

(2)

Types of IVs

(2)

Extraneous Variables (Confounder)

(2)

Dependent Variables

101

(4)

Selecting the DV

101

(1)

Recording or Measuring the DV

102

(2)

Should You Record More than One DV?

104

(1)

Characteristics of a Good DV

105

(1)

Nuisance Variables

105

(4)

Controlling Extraneous Variables

109

(13)

Basic Control Techniques

109

(13)

Internal Validity: Evaluating Your Experiment from the Inside

122

(10)

Threats to Internal Validity

122

(7)

Protecting Internal Validity

129

(3)

The Basics of Experimentation II: Final Considerations, Unanticipated Influences, and Cross-Cultural Issues

132

(22)

Participants

133

(3)

Type of Participants

133

(2)

Number of Participants

135

(1)

Apparatus

136

(3)

IV Presentation

136

(1)

DV Recording

137

(2)

The Experimenter as an Extraneous Variable

139

(3)

Experimenter Characteristics

139

(1)

Experimenter Expectancies

140

(1)

Controlling Experimenter Effects

141

(1)

Participant Perceptions as Extraneous Variables

142

(6)

Demand Characteristics and Good Participants

142

(2)

Response Bias

144

(1)

Controlling Participant Effects

145

(3)

The Interface Between Research and Culture

148

(6)

Culture, Knowledge, and Truth

149

(1)

The Effect of Culture on Research

149

(1)

Methodology and Analysis Issues

150

(4)

Using Statistics to Answer Questions

154

(34)

Descriptive Statistics

155

(17)

Scales of Measurement

155

(2)

Measures of Central Tendency

157

(2)

Graphing Your Results

159

(7)

Calculating and Computing Statistics

166

(1)

Measures of Variability

166

(6)

Correlation

172

(4)

The Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient

175

(1)

Inferential Statistics

176

(5)

What Is Significant?

177

(1)

The t Test

178

(2)

One-Tail versus Two-Tail Tests of Significance

180

(1)

The Logic of Significance Testing

181

(3)

When Statistics Go Astray: Type I and Type II Errors

184

(1)

Effect Size

184

(4)

Designing, Conducting, Analyzing, and Interpreting Experiments with Two Groups

188

(28)

Experimental Design: The Basic Building Block

189

(16)

The Two-Group Design

189

(10)

Comparing the Two-Group Designs

199

(3)

Variations on the Two-Group Design

202

(3)

Statistical Analysis: What Do Your Data Show?

205

(1)

The Relation between Experimental Design and Statistics

205

(1)

Analyzing Two-Group Designs

205

(1)

Calculating Your Statistics

205

(1)

Interpretation: Making Sense of Your Statistics

206

(7)

Interpreting Computer Statistical Output

206

(7)

The Continuing Research Problem

213

(3)

Designing, Conducting, Analyzing, and Interpreting Experiments with More than Two Groups

216

(29)

Experimental Design: Adding to the Basic Building Block

217

(12)

The Multiple-Group Design

217

(7)

Comparing the Multiple-Group Design to the Two-Group Design

224

(2)

Comparing Multiple-Group Designs

226

(1)

Variations on the Multiple-Group Design

227

(2)

Statistical Analysis: What Do Your Data Show?

229

(3)

Analyzing Multiple-Group Designs

229

(1)

Calculating Your Statistics

230

(1)

Rationale of ANOVA

230

(2)

Interpretation: Making Sense of Your Statistics

232

(10)

Interpreting Computer Statistical Output

233

(9)

The Continuing Research Problem

242

(3)

Designing, Conducting, Analyzing, and Interpreting Experiments with Multiple Independent Variables

245

(39)

Experimental Design: Doubling the Basic Building Block

246

(21)

The Factorial Design

246

(12)

Comparing the Factorial Design to Two-Group and Multiple-Group Designs

258

(3)

Choosing a Factorial Design

261

(1)

Variations on Factorial Designs

262

(5)

Statistical Analysis: What Do Your Data Show?

267

(4)

Analyzing Factorial Designs

267

(1)

Analyzing the Statistical Example

268

(1)

Rationale of ANOVA

269

(1)

Understanding Interactions

270

(1)

Interpretation: Making Sense of Your Statistics

271

(9)

Interpreting Computer Statistical Output

271

(9)

A Final Note

280

(1)

The Continuing Research Problem

280

(4)

Alternative Research Designs

284

(34)

Protecting Internal Validity Revisited

285

(8)

Examining Your Experiment from the Inside

285

(3)

Protecting Internal Validity with Research Design

288

(4)

Conclusion

292

(1)

Single-Case Experimental Designs

293

(13)

History of Single-Case Experimental Designs

294

(1)

Uses of Single-Case Experimental Designs

295

(1)

General Procedures of Single-Case Experimental Designs

296

(1)

Statistics and Single-Case Experimental Designs

297

(2)

Representative Single-Case Experimental Designs

299

(7)

Quasi-Experimental Designs

306

(12)

History of Quasi-Experimental Designs

307

(1)

Uses of Quasi-Experimental Designs

307

(1)

Representative Quasi-Experimental Designs

308

(10)

External Validity and Critiquing Experimental Research

318

(25)

External Validity: Generalizing Your Experiment to the Outside

319

(14)

Threats to External Validity (Based on Methods)

321

(3)

Threats to External Validity (Based on Our Participants)

324

(5)

The Devil's Advocate: Is External Validity Always Necessary?

329

(1)

Conclusion

330

(3)

Critiquing Experimental Research

333

(10)

Writing and Assembling an APA-Format Research Report

343

(44)

What Is APA Format?

344

(1)

Sections of the APA Format Paper

345

(33)

Title Page

346

(1)

Abstract

347

(2)

Introduction

349

(4)

Method

353

(4)

Results

357

(6)

Discussion

363

(2)

References

365

(5)

Author Note

370

(1)

Headings

371

(7)

Writing in APA Style

378

(9)

General Guidelines

378

(2)

Grammatical Guidelines

380

(2)

APA Editorial Style

382

(1)

Preparing Your Manuscript

383

(4)

Appendix A: Statistical Tables

387

(6)

Appendix B: Selected Statistical Formulae

393

(2)

Appendix C: Factorial Design with Three Independent Variables

395

(4)

Appendix D: Study Break Answers

399

(18)

Glossary

417

(8)

References

425

(8)

Index

433

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Psychologist as Detective, The: An Introduction to Conducting Research in Psychology

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Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials