Psychology in Modules

, by Myers

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ISBN: 9780716764281 | 0716764288
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 3/17/2006

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Summary

This new edition continues the story of psychology with added research and enhanced content from the most dynamic areas of the field--cognition, gender and diversity studies, neuroscience and more, while at the same time using the most effective teaching approaches and learning tools.

Preface

xix

Prologue: The Story of Psychology

(1)

Psychology's Roots

(6)

Prescientific Psychology

(1)

Psychological Science Is Born

(3)

Psychological Science Develops

(2)

Contemporary Psychology

(11)

Psychology's Big Debate

(1)

Psychology's Three Main Levels of Analysis

(2)

Psychology's Subfields

(3)

Close-Up: Your Study of Psychology

(4)

Thinking Critically With Psychological Science

(34)

The Need for Psychological Science

(7)

The Limits of Intuition and Common Sense

(4)

The Scientific Attitude

(1)

The Scientific Method

(2)

Description

(4)

The Case Study

(1)

The Survey

(2)

Naturalistic Observation

(1)

Correlation

(6)

Correlation and Causation

(1)

Illusory Correlations

(1)

Perceiving Order in Random Events

(2)

Experimentation

(3)

Exploring Cause and Effect

(1)

Evaluating Therapies

(1)

Independent and Dependent Variables

(1)

Statistical Reasoning

(5)

Describing Data

(2)

Making Inferences

(2)

Frequently Asked Questions About Psychology

(9)

Thinking Critically About: Desegregation and the Death Penalty---When Beliefs Collide With Psychological Science

(3)

Neuroscience and Behavior

(42)

Neural Communication

(7)

Neurons

(2)

How Neurons Communicate

(1)

How Neurotransmitters Influence Us

(3)

The Nervous System

(4)

The Peripheral Nervous System

(1)

The Central Nervous System

(2)

The Endocrine System

(2)

The Brain

(28)

The Tools of Discovery

(2)

Older Brain Structures

(4)

The Cerebral Cortex

(9)

Our Divided Brain

(4)

Thinking Critically About: Left Brain/Right Brain

(8)

Nature, Nurture, and Human Diversity

(44)

Behavior Genetics: Predicting Individual Differences

(11)

Genes: Our Codes for Life

(1)

Twin Studies

(3)

Adoption Studies

100

(2)

Temperament Studies

102

(1)

Heritability

102

(2)

Gene-Environment Interaction

104

(1)

The New Frontier: Molecular Genetics

105

(2)

Evolutionary Psychology: Understanding Human Nature

107

(7)

Natural Selection

107

(3)

An Evolutionary Explanation of Human Sexuality

110

(2)

Critiquing the Evolutionary Perspective

112

(2)

Parents and Peers

114

(5)

Parents and Early Experiences

114

(3)

Peer Influence

117

(2)

Cultural Influences

119

(7)

Variation Across Cultures

120

(1)

Variation Over Time

121

(1)

Culture and the Self

121

(3)

Culture and Child-Rearing

124

(1)

Developmental Similarities Across Groups

125

(1)

Gender Development

126

(8)

Gender Similarities and Differences

126

(3)

The Nature of Gender

129

(2)

The Nurture of Gender

131

(3)

Reflections on Nature and Nurture

134

(5)

Developing Through the Life Span

139

(58)

Prenatal Development and the Newborn

139

(5)

Conception

139

(1)

Prenatal Development

140

(2)

The Competent Newborn

142

(1)

Close-Up: Research Strategies for Understanding Infants' Thinking

143

(1)

Infancy and Childhood

144

(20)

Physical Development

144

(3)

Cognitive Development

147

(5)

Close-Up: Autism

152

(2)

Social Development

154

(10)

Adolescence

164

(11)

Physical Development

165

(2)

Cognitive Development

167

(3)

Social Development

170

(3)

Emerging Adulthood

173

(2)

Adulthood

175

(18)

Physical Development

175

(6)

Cognitive Development

181

(4)

Social Development

185

(8)

Reflections on Two Major Developmental Issues

193

(4)

Continuity and Stages

193

(1)

Stability and Change

193

(4)

Sensation

197

(40)

Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles

198

(6)

Thresholds

199

(3)

Sensory Adaptation

202

(2)

Vision

204

(11)

The Stimulus Input: Light Energy

204

(1)

The Eye

205

(3)

Visual Information Processing

208

(4)

Color Vision

212

(3)

Hearing

215

(9)

The Stimulus Input: Sound Waves

215

(2)

The Ear

217

(1)

Close-Up: A Noisy Noise Annoys

218

(2)

Hearing Loss and Deaf Culture

220

(2)

Close-Up: Living in a Silent World

222

(2)

Other Important Senses

224

(13)

Touch

224

(5)

Taste

229

(2)

Smell

231

(2)

Body Position and Movement

233

(4)

Perception

237

(34)

Selective Attention

237

(3)

Perceptual Illusions

240

(2)

Perceptual Organization

242

(12)

Form Perception

243

(2)

Depth Perception

245

(4)

Motion Perception

249

(1)

Perceptual Constancy

250

(4)

Perceptual Interpretation

254

(10)

Sensory Deprivation and Restored Vision

255

(1)

Perceptual Adaptation

256

(1)

Perceptual Set

257

(4)

Perception and the Human Factor

261

(3)

Is There Extrasensory Perception?

264

(7)

Claims of ESP

264

(1)

Premonitions or Pretensions?

265

(1)

Putting ESP to Experimental Test

266

(5)

States of Consciousness

271

(42)

Consciousness and Information Processing

271

(3)

Sleep and Dreams

274

(16)

Biological Rhythms

274

(1)

The Rhythm of Sleep

275

(4)

Why Do We Sleep?

279

(4)

Sleep Disorders

283

(2)

Dreams

285

(5)

Hypnosis

290

(6)

Facts and Falsehoods

291

(3)

Is Hypnosis an Altered State of Consciousness?

294

(2)

Drugs and Consciousness

296

(13)

Dependence and Addiction

296

(2)

Psychoactive Drugs

298

(6)

Influences on Drug Use

304

(5)

Near-Death Experiences

309

(4)

Learning

313

(36)

How Do We Learn?

313

(2)

Classical Conditioning

315

(11)

Pavlov's Experiments

316

(5)

Extending Pavlov's Understanding

321

(2)

Pavlov's Legacy

323

(2)

Close-Up: Trauma as Classical Conditioning

325

(1)

Operant Conditioning

326

(15)

Skinner's Experiments

327

(6)

Extending Skinner's Understanding

333

(3)

Skinner's Legacy

336

(3)

Contrasting Classical and Operant Conditioning

339

(2)

Learning by Observation

341

(8)

Bandura's Experiments

343

(1)

Applications of Observational Learning

343

(6)

Memory

349

(290)

The Phenomenon of Memory

349

(4)

Information Processing

351

(2)

Encoding: Getting Information In

353

(270)

How We Encode

353

(3)

What We Encode

356

(262)

The Big Five Factors

618

(1)

Evaluating the Trait Perspective

619

(4)

The Social-Cognitive Perspective

623

(8)

Reciprocal Influences

623

(2)

Personal Control

625

(3)

Close-Up: Toward a More Positive Psychology

628

(1)

Assessing Behavior in Situations

629

(1)

Evaluating the Social-Cognitive Perspective

630

(1)

Exploring the Self

631

(8)

The Benefits of Self-Esteem

632

(1)

Culture and Self-Esteem

633

(1)

Self-Serving Bias

633

(6)

Psychological Disorders

639

(46)

Perspectives on Psychological Disorders

640

(9)

Defining Psychological Disorders

640

(1)

Thinking Critically About: ADHD---Pathologizing Rambunctiousness or Genuine Disorder?

641

(1)

Understanding Psychological Disorders

642

(2)

Classifying Psychological Disorders

644

(1)

Labeling Psychological Disorders

645

(1)

Close-Up: The ``un-DSM'': A Diagnostic Manual of Human Strengths

646

(1)

Thinking Critically About: Insanity and Responsibility

647

(2)

Anxiety Disorders

649

(9)

Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Panic Disorder

649

(1)

Phobias

650

(1)

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

651

(1)

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

652

(1)

Explaining Anxiety Disorders

653

(3)

Thinking Critically About: Dissociation and Multiple Personalities

656

(2)

Mood Disorders

658

(11)

Major Depressive Disorder

659

(1)

Bipolar Disorder

659

(1)

Explaining Mood Disorders

660

(2)

Close-Up: Suicide

662

(7)

Schizophrenia

669

(8)

Symptoms of Schizophrenia

669

(2)

Subtypes of Schizophrenia

671

(1)

Understanding Schizophrenia

672

(5)

Personality Disorders

677

(3)

Antisocial Personality Disorder

677

(1)

Understanding Antisocial Personality Disorder

678

(2)

Rates of Psychological Disorders

680

(5)

Therapy

685

(38)

The Psychological Therapies

686

(14)

Psychoanalysis

686

(3)

Humanistic Therapies

689

(1)

Behavior Therapies

690

(4)

Cognitive Therapies

694

(3)

Group and Family Therapies

697

(3)

Evaluating Psychotherapies

700

(11)

Is Psychotherapy Effective?

700

(1)

Thinking Critically About: ``Regressing'' From Unusual to Usual

701

(3)

The Relative Effectiveness of Different Therapies

704

(1)

Evaluating Alternative Therapies

705

(2)

Commonalities Among Psychotherapies

707

(1)

Culture and Values in Psychotherapy

708

(1)

Close-Up: A Consumer's Guide to Psychotherapists

709

(2)

The Biomedical Therapies

711

(8)

Drug Therapies

711

(4)

Brain Stimulation

715

(2)

Psychosurgery

717

(2)

Preventing Psychological Disorders

719

(4)

Social Psychology

723

(1)

Social Thinking

723

(7)

Attributing Behavior to Persons or to Situations

724

(2)

Attitudes and Actions

726

(3)

Close-Up: Abu Ghraib Prison: An ``Atrocity-Producing Situation?''

729

(1)

Social Influence

730

(12)

Conformity and Obedience

731

(6)

Group Influence

737

(5)

Social Relations

742

Prejudice

743

(1)

Close-Up: Automatic Prejudice

744

(5)

Aggression

749

(6)

Close-Up: Parallels Between Smoking Effects and Media Violence Effects

755

(1)

Conflict

756

(2)

Attraction

758

(6)

Altruism

764

(3)

Peacemaking

767

APPENDIX A Careers in Psychology

(1)

Jennifer Lento

Preparing for a Career in Psychology

(3)

The Bachelor's Degree

(1)

Postgraduate Degrees

(2)

Subfields of Psychology

(4)

Preparing Early for Graduate Study in Psychology

APPENDIX B Answers to Test Yourself Questions

(1)

Glossary

(1)

References

(1)

Name Index

(1)

Subject Index

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Psychology in Modules

Summary

Table of Contents

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