Pulsars As Astrophysical Laboratories for Nuclear and Particle Physics

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ISBN: 9780750303323 | 0750303328
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 5/1/1999

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This book provides a comprehensive and authoritative account of our understanding of the behaviour of hot dense matter in the Universe.In the first part of the book Dr Weber derives the nuclear equations of state of neutron star matter in the framework of relativistic field theory. In the second part of the book models of rapidly rotating neutron stars (pulsars) are constructed in the framework of general relativity theory using the equations of state derived earlier as input data. Predictions from these models are then compared with astrophysical observations.

Preface

Introduction

(22)

In search of the behavior of superdense matter

(2)

Neutron stars as probes of superdense matter

(14)

Abbreviations, natural units, and conversion factors

(6)

Overview of relativistic stars

(18)

History and idea of neutron stars

(3)

From neutron stars to strange stars to white dwarfs

(1)

Stars made up of absolutely stable strange quark matter

(14)

The strange quark matter hypothesis

(6)

Peculiarities of strange quark matter

(8)

Observed neutron star properties

(19)

Masses

(4)

Pulsar distances and dispersion measure

(1)

Rotational periods of pulsars

(4)

Radii

(1)

Pulsar braking

(2)

Pulsar glitches

(1)

Moment of inertia

(1)

Gravitational redshift

(1)

Magnetic fields and cyclotron lines

(1)

Cooling data

(3)

Physics of neutron star matter

(9)

Low-density regime

(3)

High-density regime

(6)

Relativistic field-theoretical description of neutron star matter

(47)

Choice of Lagrangian

(6)

Field equations

(5)

Relativistic Green functions

(11)

Relativistic Hartree and Hartree-Fock approximation

(5)

Relativistic T-matrix approximation

(20)

T-matrix approximation versus Hartree-Fock

(3)

Martin-Schwinger hierarchy

(2)

Parameters of relativistic meson-exchange interactions

101

(5)

Factorization of six-point Green function

106

(4)

T-matrix in momentum space

110

(3)

Spectral representation of T-matrix

113

(3)

Spectral representation of the two-point Green function

116

(30)

Finite-temperature two-point function

116

(12)

Determination of baryon spectral function

128

(13)

Application to free lepton propagator

138

(3)

Baryon propagator in relativistic Hartree approximation

141

(1)

Baryon number density

141

(5)

Dense matter in the relativistic Hartree and Hartree-Fock approximations

146

(47)

Self-energies in the Hartree-Fock approximation

146

(5)

Self-energies in the Hartree approximation (Walecka model)

151

(3)

Derivative coupling model

154

(2)

Coupling constants and masses

156

(6)

Summary of the many-body equations

162

(2)

Properties of nuclear and neutron matter at zero and finite temperatures

164

(12)

Baryon self-energies

176

(6)

Baryon-lepton composition

182

(7)

Microphysics behind π- and K- condensation

189

(4)

Quark-hadron phase transition

193

(10)

Conserved charges and internal forces

194

(2)

Chemical thermodynamics

196

(4)

Note on the structure of the quark-hadron phase

200

(1)

Model for the equation of state

201

(2)

Ladder approximation in the self-consistent baryon-antibaryon basis

203

(17)

Self-consistent baryon-antibaryon basis

203

(2)

Matrix elements of boson-exchange interactions

205

(4)

Matrix elements of spectral functions

209

(1)

Propagators in the self-consistent basis

210

(2)

Matrix elements of baryon self-energies

212

(6)

Scattering matrix in the self-consistent basis

218

(2)

Partial-wave expansions

220

(22)

Nucleon-nucleon matrix elements

220

(5)

Nucleon-antinucleon matrix elements

225

(3)

Isospin contribution of boson-exchange matrix elements

228

(1)

Partial-wave expansion of scattering matrix

229

(5)

Partial-wave expansion of baryon self-energies

234

(8)

Dense matter in the relativistic ladder approximation

242

(21)

Summary of the many-body equations

242

(1)

Properties of symmetric and asymmetric nuclear matter

243

(8)

Properties of chemically equilibrated stellar matter

251

(12)

Models for the equation of state

263

(48)

Equation of state in relativistic Hartree and Hartree-Fock approximations

266

(8)

Thermal bosons and antibaryons

274

(5)

Equation of state of a relativistic lepton gas

279

(1)

Equation of state in the relativistic ladder approximation

280

(11)

Non-relativistic limit

291

(2)

Collection of selected neutron star matter equations of state

293

(18)

General relativity in a nutshell

311

(10)

Some formulae of tensor analysis

312

(2)

Tensor manipulations

314

(1)

Einstein's field equations

315

(6)

Structure equations of non-rotating stars

321

(37)

Energy-momentum tensor in covariant form

321

(3)

Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff equation

324

(13)

Stability against radial oscillations

337

(8)

Structure of non-rotating neutron stars

345

(13)

Structure equations of rotating stars

358

(31)

Rotational perturbations

365

(8)

Monopole equations

373

(2)

Quadrupole equations

375

(5)

Dragging of local intertial frames inside rotating neutron stars

380

(5)

Baryon number of a rotating star

385

(1)

Redshift, blueshift, injection energy, stability parameter

385

(4)

Criteria for maximum rotation

389

(35)

Kepler frequency

389

(5)

Empirical formula for Kepler frequency

394

(8)

Dragging of local inertial frames neglected

395

(2)

Inclusion of the frame dragging effect

397

(5)

Gravitational-radiation reaction driven instability

402

(22)

Qualitative picture

402

(2)

Oscillations of rotating stars

404

(6)

Application to l = m f-modes

410

(14)

Models of rotating neutron stars

424

(39)

Method of construction

424

(4)

Stars rotating at the mass shedding frequency

424

(3)

Stellar sequences of constant baryon number

427

(1)

Stars of a given rotational mass

427

(1)

Exact versus approximate solution of Einstein's equations

428

(4)

Properties of rotating neutron stars

432

(31)

Absolute bounds on neutron star properties set by mass shedding

432

(14)

Properties of rotating neutron star sequences with constant baryon number

446

(1)

Frequency dependence of hyperon thresholds and quark deconfinement

447

(7)

Evolution of a pulsar's braking index

454

(5)

Implications for searches for rapidly rotating pulsars

459

(4)

Strange quark matter stars

463

(59)

Description of strange quark matter

463

(12)

Cold matter consisting of massless quarks

466

(1)

Cold matter consisting of massive quarks

467

(4)

Quark matter at finite temperature

471

(4)

Hydrostatic equilibrium sequences of quark matter stars

475

(1)

Electrostatic surface properties of strange stars

476

(11)

Impact of finite temperatures on electron distribution

478

(5)

Gap width at finite temperature

483

(4)

Rotating strange stars enveloped in nuclear crusts

487

(14)

Equation of state of strange stars carrying nuclear crusts

487

(3)

Generic properties of strange stars

490

(3)

Properties of rotating strange stars

493

(4)

Moment of inertia

497

(1)

Compatibility of strange-matter hypothesis with pulsar glitches

498

(3)

Complete sequences of strange stars with nuclear crusts

501

(11)

Strange stars versus neutron stars and white dwarfs

501

(5)

Limiting rotational periods of strange stars

506

(1)

Strange dwarfs versus white dwarfs

507

(3)

Possible new class of dense white dwarfs

510

(2)

Stability of strange stars against radial oscillations

512

(4)

Eigenfrequencies of strange stars and strange dwarfs

512

(3)

Schematic arguments for the stability of strange dwarfs against radial modes

515

(1)

On the making of strange dwarfs

516

(1)

Features of strange stars surveyed

517

(5)

Cooling of neutron and strange stars

522

(43)

Equation of thermal equilibrium (energy balance)

522

(6)

Equation of energy transport

528

(4)

Radiative energy transport by photon diffusion

528

(2)

Conductive energy transport

530

(1)

Photon diffusion and conduction combined

531

(1)

Summary of stellar cooling equations

532

(2)

Superfluidity

534

(3)

Neutrino emissivities

537

(7)

Neutrino pair bremsstrahlung

539

(1)

Modified and direct Urca processes

540

(2)

Quasi-particle processes in boson-condensed matter

542

(1)

Quark processes

543

(1)

Observed data

544

(1)

Comparison with observation

545

(7)

Standard cooling calculations

545

(1)

Enhanced cooling via direct Urca process

546

(2)

Enhanced cooling via pion condensation

548

(1)

Enhanced cooling via kaon condensation

549

(1)

Enhanced cooling driven by quark matter

550

(2)

Strange quark matter stars

552

(8)

Enhanced cooling of strange stars

552

(2)

Slowly cooling strange stars

554

(6)

Summary and concluding remarks about cooling

560

(5)

A Notation

565

(4)

A.1 Four-vectors in flat spacetime

565

(1)

A.2 Dirac matrices

566

(2)

A.3 Traces

568

(1)

B Useful mathematical relationships

569

(5)

B.1 Contour integrals

569

(3)

B.2 Fourier transformations and related formulae

572

(1)

B.3 Momentum integrals

573

(1)

C Hartree---Fock self-energies at zero temperature

574

(2)

D Hartree---Fock self-energies at finite temperature

576

(7)

E Helicity-state matrix elements of boson-exchange interactions

583

(6)

F Partial-wave expansion of boson-exchange interactions

589

(16)

F.1 Amplitudes associated with pseudovector meson exchange

589

(4)

F.2 Amplitudes associated with vector meson exchange

593

(12)

G Rotating stars in general relativity

605

(33)

G.1 Riemann-Christoffel tensor

605

(16)

G.2 Ricci tensor

621

(4)

G.3 Ricci scalar

625

(1)

G.4 Einstein tensor

626

(8)

G.5 Energy-momentum tensor

634

(2)

G.6 Covariant derivatives of the energy-momentum tensor

636

(2)

H Quark matter at finite temperature

638

(5)

I Models of rotating relativistic neutron stars of selected masses

643

(6)

J Equations of state in tabular form

649

(1)

References

650

(24)

Index

674

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Pulsars As Astrophysical Laboratories for Nuclear and Particle Physics

Summary

Table of Contents

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