Redressing Injustices through Mass Claims Processes Innovative Responses to Unique Challenges

, by The International Bureau of the Permanent Court of Arbitration

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ISBN: 9780199297931 | 0199297932
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 5/4/2006

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Mass claims processes involve large numbers of claims and claimants, usually arising from a specific historic event. This volume offers a bird's-eye view of major mass claims settlement processes, and provides useful insights for those involved with the establishment of new international claims settlement tribunals. It includes chapters examining the distinct nature of mass claims settlement procedures, evidentiary issues, innovations to speed up mass claims processes, as well as specific mass claims case studies and responses by the international community to issues of compensation and reparations.

List of Abbreviations	p. xix
Notes on Contributors	p. xxiii
Introduction	p. xxvii
Innovations to Speed Mass Claims: New Standards of Proof and Uses of Information Technology
The Concept of Mass Claims and the Specificity of Mass Claims Resolution	p. 3
Introduction	p. 3
The Concept of Mass Claims	p. 6
The Objectives of Mass Claims Processes	p. 9
Conclusion	p. 10
Innovations to Speed Mass Claims: New Standards of Proof	p. 13
Introduction	p. 13
The Iran-United States Claims Tribunal	p. 14
The United Nations Compensation Commission	p. 15
The First Claims Resolution Tribunal for Dormant Accounts in Switzerland	p. 17
The Second Claims Resolution Tribunal for Dormant Accounts in Switzerland	p. 18
The International Organization for Migration Claims Programs: The German Forced Labor Program	p. 20
The International Commission on Holocaust Era Insurance Claims	p. 21
Conclusion	p. 22
Virtue Out of Necessity: International Mass Claims and New Uses of Information Technology	p. 25
Introduction	p. 25
Benefits of Information Technology	p. 27
Purposes Served by Information Technology	p. 29
Facilitating Management of the Process	p. 29
Computer-Aided Claims Processing	p. 30
The "Grouping" Technique	p. 32
Standardized Verification and Valuation	p. 34
Lessons for Arbitration	p. 35
Past and Current Mass Claims Processes: Lessons Learned
Mass Claims Processes: Lessons Learned Over Twenty-Five Years	p. 41
Introduction	p. 41
A Short History of Mass Claims Processes	p. 41
The Iran-United States Claims Tribunal: Successes and Shortcomings	p. 43
The United Nations Compensation Commission	p. 46
Other Recent Mass Claims Institutions	p. 48
The Swiss Bank Claims Institutions	p. 49
Forced and Slave Labor Claims	p. 51
Other Holocaust-Related Programs	p. 52
Insurance Claims	p. 53
Real Property Claims	p. 53
More Recent Experiences	p. 54
The Legacy: Accomplishments and Limitations	p. 55
The Accomplishments	p. 55
The Limitations	p. 56
Raising the Stakes: Evidentiary Issues in Individual Claims Before the United Nations Compensation Commission	p. 61
Introduction	p. 61
The Work of the UNCC	p. 63
The Establishment of the UNCC	p. 63
The Mandate of the UNCC	p. 64
The Number and Nature of Claims	p. 65
The Categorization of Claims	p. 65
The Development of an Evidentiary Standard	p. 66
From "Simple Documentation" to "Sufficient Evidence"-Evidential Requirements for Categories "A" to "D"	p. 68
Category "A" Claims	p. 69
Category "B" Claims	p. 70
Personal and Witness Statements	p. 70
Proof of Death or Personal Injury	p. 71
Proof of Causation	p. 73
Category "C" Claims	p. 73
The Development of Evidentiary Patterns	p. 76
Proving Mental Pain and Anguish	p. 76
Non-Party Medical Evidence	p. 78
Property Claims	p. 78
Loss of Earnings	p. 79
Business Losses Suffered by Individuals	p. 81
The Palestinian "Late Claims"	p. 83
Category "D" Claims	p. 84
The Use of Explanatory Statements	p. 85
Non-Party Evidence	p. 87
Conclusions	p. 89
Innovations	p. 89
Limitations	p. 90
The Austrian General Settlement Fund: An Overview	p. 95
Introduction: Establishment of the General Settlement Fund	p. 95
Establishment of the General Settlement Fund	p. 96
Overview of the Fund's Operations	p. 98
Significance of Earlier Restitution Laws	p. 98
Objectives	p. 99
Two Procedure	p. 101
Standards of Proof	p. 101
Additional Evidence Uncovered by Research	p. 102
Earlier Restitution Measures	p. 103
Payments	p. 103
Valuation of Seized Assets	p. 103
Specific Issues with Regard to Eligibility	p. 104
Testamentary Evidence	p. 104
Co-heirs	p. 104
Death of a Claimant	p. 106
Conclusion	p. 106
Processing Claims for "Other Personal Injury" Under the German Forced Labour Compensation Programme	p. 109
Introduction	p. 109
Background	p. 110
Eligible Claims	p. 113
Claims for Slave and Forced Labor	p. 113
Claims for "Other Personal Injury"	p. 115
Claims Rejected for Lack of Funds	p. 117
Processing of Claims for "Other Personal Injury"	p. 120
Medical Experiments	p. 121
Claims for Forced Sterilizations	p. 123
Claims for Blood Taking	p. 123
Claims for Medical Experiments on Children	p. 124
Kinderheim Claims	p. 125
Polish/Ostarbeiterin Presumption	p. 126
Lebensborn and Slovenian Kidnapped Children	p. 128
Sisak Claims	p. 130
Results and Appeals	p. 131
Results	p. 131
Appeals	p. 132
Commentary	p. 133
Conclusions	p. 135
Layers of Review	p. 136
Assistance with Appeals	p. 136
Acknowledgment and Apology	p. 136
Remembrance	p. 137
The French Commission for the Compensation of Victims of Spoliation: A Critique	p. 139
Introduction	p. 139
Mandate of the Commission	p. 142
Processing of Claims	p. 144
A Conciliation Commission or an Arbitral Tribunal?	p. 146
Conclusion	p. 148
The United States Indian Claims Commission: A Remedy for Ancient Wrongs, A Source of New Wrongs	p. 151
A Mass Claims Settlement Process for Native Americans	p. 151
Native American Dispossession	p. 153
Special Jurisdictional Acts Preceding the Indian Claims Commission	p. 155
Creation of the Indian Claims Commission: Political Context and Legislative History	p. 157
Functioning of the Indian Claims Commission: Significant Problems	p. 159
Jurisdiction	p. 159
The Commission	p. 161
The Commission Becomes a Court	p. 162
Equitable Claims	p. 163
Effectiveness of the Indian Claims Commission: Need for Further Remedies	p. 164
Effect on Unextinguished Aboriginal Native Title	p. 164
Financing Tribal Representation	p. 166
Undervaluation of Indian Claims	p. 167
Due Process Deficiencies	p. 168
The Western Shoshone Case: The Remedy for "Ancient Wrongs" Works a Brand New Injustice	p. 170
Comparison to the September 11th Victim Compensation Fund	p. 175
Conclusion	p. 176
Litigating Mass Claims Involving Slavery and Jim Crow Under United States Law	p. 179
Introduction	p. 179
Forced Labor Litigation	p. 182
Overview	p. 182
Japanese Forced Labor Litigation	p. 182
Nazi Forced Labor Litigation	p. 190
Princz v. Federal Republic of Germany	p. 190
In re Nazi Era Cases Against German Defendants Litigation	p. 193
Japanese American Removal and Internment	p. 197
Executive Order 9066	p. 197
Coram Nobis Lawsuits	p. 200
Hohri v. United States I & II	p. 203
Slave Redress Lawsuits: Public Actions	p. 207
Overview	p. 207
Johnson v. MacAdoo	p. 207
Berry v. United States	p. 207
Cato v. United States	p. 211
Pigford v. Glickman	p. 213
Alexander v. Oklahoma	p. 219
Slave Redress Lawsuits: Private Actions	p. 222
Overview	p. 222
Synthesis of Cases	p. 222
Innovative Legal Theories for Private Actions	p. 224
Attacking the Excesses of Slavery	p. 224
Frontal Attack on Slavery	p. 226
Conclusion	p. 230
Compensating the Families and Victims of September 11th: An Alternative to the American Tort System	p. 235
Introduction	p. 235
Lessons Learned	p. 237
Efficiency	p. 237
Transparency	p. 238
Outreach	p. 238
Due Process	p. 238
Certainty	p. 239
Implementation and Administration of the Fund	p. 239
Outsourcing	p. 239
Consistency in Awards	p. 240
Valid Precedent or Response to Circumstances?	p. 241
Reparations: Recourse to Justice
The Role of Civil Society Actors in Reparations Legislation	p. 245
Introduction	p. 245
The Growth of a Movement	p. 245
The Broader Context	p. 246
Case Study: Germany	p. 247
Influence of Civil Society Groups	p. 248
Involvement in Negotiation	p. 248
Direct Assistance to Victims	p. 249
Legal Strategies	p. 249
Outreach	p. 250
Civil Society Dynamics	p. 250
Summary	p. 251
Case Study: Argentina	p. 252
Influence of Civil Society Groups	p. 252
Legal Strategies	p. 252
Access to Claims Procedures	p. 254
Civil Society Dynamics	p. 254
Summary	p. 256
Case Study: South Africa	p. 257
Influence of Civil Society Groups	p. 258
First Phase: Before the End of the Apartheid Era	p. 258
Second Phase: During the Operation of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission	p. 258
Third Phase: Responses to the TRC's 1998 Final Report	p. 259
Fourth Phase: Responses to Government Inaction	p. 261
Civil Society Dynamics	p. 262
Assessment	p. 262
Strategies for Civil Society	p. 263
Playing to Strengths	p. 263
Lessons Learned	p. 264
Conclusion	p. 266
Compensation for Victims of Terrorism: The Council of Europe's 2005 Guidelines on the Protection of Victims of Terrorist Acts	p. 267
Introduction	p. 267
The 2002 Guidelines on Human Rights and the Fight Against Terrorism	p. 268
Compensation for Victims of Terrorist Acts Under the 2002 Guidelines	p. 269
Applicable Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights	p. 269
The 2005 Guidelines on the Protection of Victims of Terrorist Acts	p. 272
The "Victim"	p. 273
The International Criminal Court	p. 274
Compensation for Victims of Terrorist Acts Under the 2005 Guidelines	p. 274
Regional Responses	p. 276
Conclusion	p. 277
Codifying the Rights of Victims in International Law: Remedies and Reparation	p. 279
Introduction	p. 279
Crystallizing the Development of the Rights of Victims Under International Law	p. 280
The Right to Reparation: Provisions on Effective Remedies and Adequate Reparations	p. 283
Codifying the Norms on Reparation for Victims	p. 285
The Principles and Guidelines	p. 287
The Experts' Drafts and the Consultation Stage	p. 287
The Final Version	p. 290
The Scope of the Principles and Guidelines	p. 292
Specific Provisions on Collective Reparation and Mass Claims	p. 294
Conclusion	p. 296
The Reparations Provisions for Victims Under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court	p. 299
Introduction	p. 299
The Rights of Victims	p. 301
Background and Relevant Sources	p. 301
UN Declaration for Victims of Crime and Basic Principles and Guidelines	p. 302
International Criminal Tribunals	p. 303
National Courts	p. 304
Human Rights Treaties and Related Jurisprudence	p. 305
Victims' Rights at the International Criminal Court	p. 306
Definition of "Victim"	p. 306
Conceptual Issues and the Range of Potential Participation by Victims	p. 308
Reparation Provisions in the Rome Statute	p. 309
Against Whom Can an Order for Reparations be Made?	p. 310
The Beneficiaries	p. 311
The Procedural Aspects of the Reparation Regime	p. 312
The Trust Fund for Victims	p. 315
Funding	p. 315
Functions	p. 316
The Trust Fund as an Instrument for the Court	p. 317
The Trust Fund as an Independent Body	p. 318
Conclusion	p. 320
Appendix
Final Report of the Special Master of the September 11th Victim Compensation Fund, Vol 1	p. 325
Statute and Regulations	p. 325
Statutory Framework	p. 325
The Regulations	p. 328
Implementing the Fund	p. 339
Outreach	p. 339
Process for Submission and Evaluation of Claims	p. 341
Evaluation of Claims	p. 345
Demographics of Deceased and Physical Injury Victims	p. 388
Distribution	p. 392
Confidentiality and Transparency	p. 403
Coordination with Government and Private Entities	p. 405
Administration of Program/Staffing/Costs	p. 415
Observations and Lessons Learned	p. 419
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Redressing Injustices through Mass Claims Processes Innovative Responses to Unique Challenges

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