Reinforced Concrete Design

The late Chu-Kia Wang taught Civil Engineering at the University of Wisconsin at Madison for over 30 years.

The late Charles G. Salmon was Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Wisconsin at Madison.

Gustavo J. Parra-Montesinos is Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Wisconsin at Madison.

Jose A. Pincheira is Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Wisconsin atMadison.

Contents
Preface
Conversion Factors

Chapter 1: Introduction, Materials, and Properties
1.1 Reinforced Concrete Structures
1.2 Historical Background
1.3 Concrete
1.4 Cement
1.5 Aggregates
1.6 Admixtures
1.7 Compressive Strength
1.8 Tensile Strength
1.9 Biaxial and Triaxial Strength
1.10 Modulus of Elasticity
1.11 Creep and Shrinkage
1.12 Concrete Quality Control
1.13 Steel Reinforcement
1.14 Fiber Reinforced Concrete
1.15 Units
Selected References

Chapter 2: Design Methods and Requirements
2.1 Structural Design Process-General
2.2 ACI Building Code
2.3 Strength Design and Working Stress Design Methods
2.4 Working Stress Method
2.5 Strength Design Method
2.6 Safety Provisions-General
Safety Provisions-ACI Code Load Factors and Strength Reduction Factors
2.8 Serviceability Provisions-General
2.9 Serviceability Provisions-ACI Code
2.10 Handbooks and Computer Software
2.11 Dimensions and Tolerances
2.12 Accuracy of Computations
Selected References

Chapter 3: Flexural Behavior and Strength of Beams
3.1 General Introduction
3.2 Flexural Behavior and Strength of Rectangular Sections
3.3 Whitney Rectangular Stress Distribution
3.4 Nominal Moment Strength Mn-Rectangular Sections Having Tension Reinforcement Only
3.5 Balanced Strain Condition
3.6 Tension- and Compression-Controlled Sections
3.7 Minimum Tension Reinforcement
3.8 Design of Rectangular Sections in Bending Having Tension Reinforcement Only
3.9 Practical Selection for Beam Sizes, Bar Sizes, and Bar Placement
3.10 Nominal Flexural Strength Mn of Rectangular Sections Having Both Tension and Compression Reinforcement
3.11 Design of Beams Having Both Tension and Compression Reinforcement
3.12 Non-Rectangular Sections
3.13 Effect of As, As', b, d, fC' and fy on Flexural Behavior
Selected References
Problems

Chapter 4: T-Sections in Bending
4.1 General
4.2 Comparison of Rectangular and T-Sections
4.3 Effective Flange Width
4.4 Nominal Moment Strength Mn of T-Sections
4.5 Design of T-Sections in Bending
Selected References
Problems

Chapter 5: Shear Strength and Design for Shear
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Shear Stresses Based on Linear Elastic Behavior
5.3 Combined Normal and Shear Stresses
5.4 Behavior of Beams without Shear Reinforcement
5.5 Shear Strength of Beams without Shear Reinforcement-ACI Approach
5.6 Function of Web Reinforcement
5.7 Truss Model for Reinforced Concrete Beams
5.8 Shear Strength of Beams with Shear Reinforcement-ACI Approach
5.9 Deformed Steel Fibers as Shear Reinforcement
5.10 ACI Code Design Provisions for Shear
5.11 Critical Section for Nominal Shear Strength Calculation
5.12 Shear Strength of Beams-Design Examples
5.13 Shear Strength of Members Under Combined Bending and Axial Load
5.14 Deep Beams
5.15 Shear-Friction
5.16 Brackets and Corbels
Selected References
Problems

Chapter 6: Development of Reinforcement
6.1 General
6.2 Development Length
6.3 Flexural Bond
6.4 Bond Failure Mechanisms
6.5 Moment Capacity Diagram-Bar Bends and Cutoffs
6.6 Development Length for Tension Reinforcement-ACI Code
6.7 Modification Factors ?t, ?e, ?s, and ? to the Bar Development Length Equations-ACI Code
6.8 Development Length for Compression Reinforcement
6.9 Development Length for Bundled Bars
6.10 Development Length for a Tension Bar Terminating in a Standard Hook
6.11 Bar Cutoffs in Negative Moment Region of Continuous Beams
6.12 Bar Cutoffs in Positive Moment Region of Continuous Beams
6.13 Bar Cutoffs in Uniformly Loaded Cantilever Beams
6.14 Development of Positive Reinforcement at Simple Supports and at Points of Inflection
6.15 Development of Shear Reinforcement
6.16 Tension Lap Splices
6.17 Welded Splices and Mechanical Connections in Tension
6.18 Compression Lap Splices
6.19 End Bearing Connections, Welded Splices, and Mechanical Connections in Compression
6.20 Splices for Members Under Compression and Bending
6.21 Design Examples
Selected References
Problems

Chapter 7: Analysis of Continuous Beams and One-Way Slabs
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Analysis Methods under Gravity Loads
7.3 Arrangement of Live Load for Moment Envelope
7.4 ACI Code-Arrangement of Live Load and Moment Coefficients
7.5 ACI Moment Diagrams
7.6 Shear Envelope for Design
Selected References
Problems

Chapter 8: Design of One-Way Slabs
8.1 Definition
8.2 Analysis Methods
8.3 Slab Design
8.4 Choice of Reinforcement
8.5 Bar Details
Selected References
Problems

Chapter 9: Design of Slab-Beam-Girder and Joist Floor Systems
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Size of Beam Web
9.3 Continuous Frame Analysis for Beams
9.4 Choice of Longitudinal Reinforcement in Beams
9.5 Shear Reinforcement in Beams
9.6 Details of Bars in Beams
9.7 Size of Girder Web
9.8 Continuous Frame Analysis for Girders
9.9 Choice of Longitudinal Reinforcement in Girders
9.10 One-Way Joist Floor Construction
9.11 Design of Joist Floors
9.12 Redistribution of Moments-Introduction to Limit or Plastic Analysis
Selected References
Problem

Chapter 10: Members in Compression and Bending
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Types of Columns
10.3 Behavior of Columns Under Pure Axial Load
10.4 Safety Provisions for Columns
10.5 Concentrically Loaded Short Columns
10.6 Strength Interaction Diagram
10.7 Slenderness Effects
10.8 Lateral Ties
10.9 Spiral Reinforcement and Longitudinal Bar Placement
10.10 Limits on Percentage of Longitudinal Reinforcement
10.11 Maximum Strength in Axial Compression-ACI Code
10.12 Balanced Strain Condition
10.13 Nominal Strength of a Compression-Controlled Rectangular Section
10.14 Nominal Strength of a Rectangular Section With Eccentricity e Greater Than That at The Balanced Strain Condition
10.15 Design for Strength-Region I, Minimum Eccentricity
10.16 Design for Strength-Region II, Compression-Controlled Sections (emin < e < eb)
10.17 Design for Strength-Region III,Transition Zone and Tension-Controlled Sections (e > eb)
10.18 Circular Sections Under Combined Compression and Bending
10.19 Combined Axial Tension and Bending
10.20 Combined Axial Force and Biaxial Bending
10.21 Design for Shear
Selected References
Problems

Chapter 11: Monolithic Beam-Column Connections
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Beam-Column Joints Actions
11.3 Joint Transverse Reinforcement
11.4 Joint Shear Strength
11.5 Column-to-Beam Moment Strength Ratio
11.6 Anchorage of Reinforcement in the Joint Region
11.7 Transfer of Column Axial Forces through the Floor System
11.8 Examples
11.9 Additional Remarks
Selected References
Problems

Chapter 12: Serviceability
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Fundamental Assumptions
12.3 Modulus of Elasticity Ratio n
12.4 Equilibrium Conditions
12.5 Method of Transformed Section
12.6 Deflections-General
12.7 Deflections for Linear Elastic Sections
12.8 Modulus of Elasticity
12.9 Effective Moment of Inertia
12.10 Instantaneous Deflections in Design
12.11 Creep Effect on Deflections Under Sustained Load
12.12 Shrinkage Effect on Deflections Under Sustained Load
12.13 Creep and Shrinkage Deflection-ACI Code Method
12.14 Creep and Shrinkage Deflection-Alternative Procedures
12.15 ACI Minimum Depth of Flexural Members
12.16 Span-to-Depth Ratio to Account for Cracking and Sustained Load Effects
12.17 ACI Code Deflection Provisions-Beam Examples
12.18 Crack Control for Beams and One-Way Slabs
12.19 Side Face Crack Control for Large Beams
12.20 Control of Floor Vibrations-General
Selected References
Problems

Chapter 13: Slenderness Effects on Columns
13.1 General
13.2 Buckling of Concentrically Loaded Columns
13.3 Effective Length Factor
13.4 Moment Magnification-Members with Transverse Loads- Without Joint Lateral Translation (i.e., No Sidesway)
13.5 Moment Magnification-Members Subject to End Moments Only-Without Joint Lateral Translation (i.e., No Sidesway)
13.6 Members with Sidesway Possible-Unbraced (Sway) Frames
13.7 Interaction Diagrams-Effect of Slenderness
13.8 ACI Code-General
13.9 ACI Code-Moment Magnifier Method for Columns in Nonsway Frames
13.10 ACI Code-Moment Magnifier Method for Columns in Sway Frames
13.11 Alignment Charts for Effective Length Factor k
13.12 Second Order Analysis-ACI Code
13.13 Minimum Eccentricity in Design
13.14 Biaxial Bending and Axial Compression
13.15 ACI Code-Slenderness Ratio Limitations
13.16 Amplification of Moments in Beams
13.17 Examples
Selected References
Problems

Chapter 14: Strut-and-Tie Models: Deep Beams, Brackets, and Corbels
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Deep Beams
14.3 Brackets and Corbels
14.4 Additional Remarks
Selected References
Problems

Chapter 15: Structural Walls
15.1 General
15.2 Minimum Wall Dimensions and Reinforcement Requirements-ACI Code
15.3 Design of Non-Bearing Walls
15.4 Design of Bearing Walls
15.5 Design of Shear Walls
15.6 Lateral Support of Longitudinal Reinforcement
15.7 Retaining Structures
15.7.1 Forces on Retaining Walls
15.7.2 Stability Requirements
15.7.3 Preliminary Proportioning of Cantilever Walls
15.7.4 Design Example - Cantilever Retaining Wall
Selected References
Problems

Chapter 16: Design of Two-Way Floor Systems
16.1 General Description
16.2 General Design Concept of ACI Code
16.3 Total Factored Static Moment
16.4 Ratio of Flexural Stiffnesses of Longitudinal Beam to Slab
16.5 Minimum Slab Thickness for Deflection Control
16.6 Nominal Requirements for Slab Thickness and Size of Edge Beams, Column Capital, and Drop Panel
16.7 Direct Design Method-Limitations
16.8 Direct Design Method- Longitudinal Distribution of Moments
16.9 Direct Design Method-Effect of Pattern Loadings on Positive Moment
16.10 Direct Design Method-Procedure for Computation of Longitudinal Moments
16.11 Torsion Stiffness of the Transverse Elements
16.12 Transverse Distribution of Longitudinal Moment
16.13 Design of Slab Thickness and Reinforcement
16.14 Beam (if Used) Size Requirement in Flexure and Shear
16.15 Shear Strength in Two-Way Floor Systems
16.16 Shear Reinforcement in Flat Plate Floors
16.17 Direct Design Method-Moments in Columns
16.18 Transfer of Moment and Shear at Junction of Slab and Column
16.19 Openings and Corner Connections in Flat Slabs
16.20 Equivalent Frame Method for Gravity Load Analysis
16.21 Equivalent Frame Models for Elastic Analysis
16.22 Equivalent Frame Method for Lateral Load Analysis
Selected References
Problems

Chapter 17: Yield Line Theory of Slabs
17.1 Introduction
17.2 General Concept
17.3 Fundamental Assumptions
17.4 Methods of Analysis
17.5 Yield Line Analysis of One-Way Slabs
17.6 Work Done by Yield Line Moments in Rigid Body Rotation of Slab Segment
17.7 Nodal Force at Intersection of Yield Line with Free Edge
17.8 Nodal Forces at Intersection of Three Yield Lines
17.9 Yield Line Analysis of Rectangular Two-Way Slabs
17.10 Corner Effects in Rectangular Slabs
17.11 Application of Yield Line Analysis to Special Cases
Selected References
Problems

Chapter 18: Torsion
18.1 General
18.2 Torsional Stress in Homogeneous Sections
18.3 Torsional Stiffness of Homogeneous Sections
18.4 Effects of Torsional Stiffness on Compatibility Torsion
18.5 Torsional Moment Strength Tcr at Cracking
18.6 Strength of Reinforced Concrete Rectangular Sections in Torsion-Skew Bending Theory
18.7 Strength of Reinforced Concrete Rectangular Sections in Torsion-Space Truss Analogy
18.8 Strength of Sections in Combined Bending and Torsion
18.9 Strength of Sections in Combined Shear and Torsion
18.10 Strength Interaction Surface for Combined Bending, Shear, and Torsion
18.11 Torsional Strength of Concrete and Closed Transverse Reinforcement-ACI Code
18.12 Combined Torsion with Shear or Bending-ACI Code
18.13 Minimum Requirements for Torsional Reinforcement-ACI Code
18.14 Examples
Selected References
Problems

Chapter 19: Footings
19.1 Purpose of Footings
19.2 Bearing Capacity of Soil
19.3 Types of Footings
19.4 Types of Failure of Footings
19.5 Shear Strength of Footings
19.6 Moment Strength of Footings and Development of Reinforcement
19.7 Proportioning Footing Areas for Equal Settlement
19.8 Investigation of Square Spread Footings
19.9 Design of Square Spread Footings
19.10 Design of Rectangular Footings
19.11 Design of Plain and Reinforced Concrete Wall Footings
19.12 Combined Footings
19.13 Design of Combined Footings
19.14 Pile Footings
Selected References
Problems

Chapter 20: Introduction to Prestressed Concrete
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Historical Background
20.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Prestressed Concrete Construction
20.4 Pretensioned and Post-tensioned Beam Behavior
20.5 Service Load Stresses on Flexural Members-Tendons Having Varying Amounts of Eccentricity
20.6 Three Basic Concepts of Prestressed Concrete
20.7 Loss of Prestress
20.8 Nominal Strength Mn of Flexural Members
20.9 Cracking Moment
20.10 Shear Strength of Members without Shear Reinforcement
20.11 Shear Reinforcement for Prestressed Concrete Beams
20.12 Development of Reinforcement
20.13 Proportioning of Cross-Sections for Flexure When No Tension is Permitted
20.14 Additional Topics
Selected References
Problems

Chapter 21: Composite Members and Connections
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Composite Action
21.3 Concrete Composite Flexural Members
21.4 Concrete-Steel Composite Members
21.5 Concrete-Encased Steel Composite Columns
21.6 Concrete-Filled Tube
21.7 Moment Connections with Composite Columns
Selected References
Problems

Index