Religion and Science

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ISBN: 9780060609382 | 0060609389
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 7/1/1997

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Religion and Science is a definitive contemporary discussion of the many issues surrounding our understanding of God and religious truth and experience in our understanding of God and religious truth and experience in our scientific age. This is a significantly expanded and feshly revised version of Religion in an Age of Science, winner of the American Academy of Religion Award for Excellence and the Templeton Book Award. Ian G. Barbour--the premier scholar in the field--has added three crucial historical chapters on physics and metaphysics in the seventeenth century, nature and God in the eighteenth century, and biology and theology in the nineteenth century. He has also added new sections on developments in nature-centered spirituality, information theory, and chaos and complexity theories.

Preface

(2)

Introduction

xiii

PART ONE RELIGION AND THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE

(74)

1. PHYSICS AND METAPHYSICS IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY

(30)

I. THE MEDIEVAL WORLD-DRAMA

(5)

1. Methods in Science: Explanation by Purposes

(1)

2. Nature as a Created Hierarchy

(1)

3. Methods in Theology: Reason and Revelation

(1)

4. God as Creator and Redeemer

(1)

5. Humanity as Center of the Cosmic Drama

(1)

II. GALILEO'S "TWO NEW SCIENCES"

(8)

1. Methods in Science: Mathematics and Observation

(2)

2. Nature as Particles in Motion

(2)

3. Methods in Theology: Scripture, Nature, and the Church

(2)

4. God as Author of Nature and Scripture

(1)

5. Humanity in the New Cosmology

(1)

III. THE NEWTONIAN WORLD-MACHINE

(7)

1. Methods in Science: Experiment and Theory

(1)

2. Nature as a Law-Abiding Machine

(1)

3. Methods in Theology: "Natural Theology"

(2)

4. God as Divine Clockmaker

(2)

5. Human Nature: Body and Mind

(1)

IV. RELIGION AND THE RISE OF SCIENCE: CONFLICT OR HARMONY?

(5)

V. SUMMARY

(4)

2. NATURE AND GOD IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY

(16)

I. THE AGE OF REASON

(5)

1. Nature as a Deterministic Mechanism

(2)

2. The God of Deism

(2)

3. Humanity as Perfectible by Reason

(1)

II. THE ROMANTIC REACTION

(3)

1. Romanticism in Literature

(2)

2. Pietism and Methodism

(1)

III. PHILOSOPHICAL RESPONSES

(5)

1. Scientific Empiricism and Religious Agnosticism (Hume)

(2)

2. Science and Religion as Separate Realms (Kant)

(2)

IV. SUMMARY

(2)

3. BIOLOGY AND THEOLOGY IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

(28)

I. DARWIN AND NATURAL SELECTION

(7)

1. Forerunners of Darwin

(2)

2. Darwin's Scientific Work

(1)

3. Alternative Theories of Evolution

(2)

4. Nature as Dynamic Process

(2)

II. THEOLOGICAL ISSUES IN EVOLUTION

(6)

1. Methods in Theology: The Challenge to Scripture

(1)

2. God and Nature: The Challenge to Design

(1)

3. Human Nature: The Challenge to the Status of Humanity

(2)

4. Evolutionary Ethics and Social Darwinism

(2)

III. DIVERGING CURRENTS IN THEOLOGY

(9)

1. Traditionalist Responses to Evolution

(2)

2. The Modernist Movement

(2)

3. The Rise of Liberal Theology

(2)

4. Naturalistic Philosophies of Evolution

(2)

IV. SUMMARY

(5)

PART TWO RELIGION AND THE METHODS OF SCIENCE

(88)

4. WAYS OF RELATING SCIENCE AND RELIGION

(29)

I. CONFLICT

(7)

1. Scientific Materialism

(4)

2. Biblical Literalism

(2)

II. INDEPENDENCE

(6)

1. Contrasting Methods

(3)

2. Differing Languages

(3)

III. DIALOGUE

(8)

1. Presuppositions and Limit Questions

(3)

2. Methodological Parallels

(2)

3. Nature-centered Spirituality

(3)

IV. INTEGRATION

(8)

1. Natural Theology

(2)

2. Theology of Nature

100

(3)

3. Systematic Synthesis

103

(3)

5. MODELS AND PARADIGMS

106

(31)

I. THE STRUCTURES OF SCIENCE AND RELIGION

106

(9)

1. Theory and Data in Science

106

(4)

2. Belief and Experience in Religion

110

(3)

3. Story and Ritual in Christianity

113

(2)

II. THE ROLE OF MODELS

115

(9)

1. Models in Science

115

(4)

2. Models in Religion

119

(2)

3. Personal and Impersonal Models

121

(2)

4. Christian Models

123

(1)

III. THE ROLE OF PARADIGMS

124

(5)

1. Paradigms in Science

125

(2)

2. Paradigms in Religion

127

(2)

3. Paradigms in Christianity

129

(1)

IV. TENTATIVENESS AND COMMITMENT

130

(7)

1. Tradition and Criticism

130

(2)

2. Central and Peripheral Beliefs

132

(2)

3. Revelation, Faith, and Reason

134

(3)

6. SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES

137

(28)

I. HISTORY IN SCIENCE AND RELIGION

137

(7)

1. Historical Explanation

137

(4)

2. Story and History in Christianity

141

(3)

II. OBJECTIVITY AND RELATIVISM

144

(7)

1. The Social Construction of Science

144

(2)

2. Third World Critiques

146

(1)

3. Feminist Critiques

147

(4)

III. RELIGIOUS PLURALISM

151

(14)

1. The Interpretation of Religious Experience

151

(3)

2. Between Absolutism and Relativism

154

(3)

3. Conclusions

157

(8)

PART THREE RELIGION AND THE THEORIES OF SCIENCE

165

(88)

7. PHYSICS AND METAPHYSICS

165

(30)

I. QUANTUM THEORY

166

(11)

1. Complementarity

167

(3)

2. Indeterminacy

170

(3)

3. Parts and Wholes

173

(2)

4. Bell's Theorem

175

(2)

II. RELATIVITY

177

(4)

1. Space, Time, and Matter

177

(2)

2. The Status of Time

179

(2)

III. ORDER AND COMPLEXITY

181

(3)

1. Thermodynamics and Order

181

(1)

2. Chaos Theory and Complexity

182

(2)

IV. METAPHYSICAL IMPLICATIONS

184

(11)

1. The Role of Mind

184

(2)

2. Life, Freedom, and God

186

(2)

3. Physics and Eastern Mysticism

188

(3)

4. Conclusions

191

(4)

8. ASTRONOMY AND CREATION

195

(26)

I. THE BIG BANG

195

(4)

1. Theories in Astrophysics

195

(3)

2. Theological Responses

198

(1)

II. CREATION IN JUDAISM AND CHRISTIANITY

199

(5)

1. Historical Ideas of Creation

199

(3)

2. The Interpretation of Genesis Today

202

(2)

III. DESIGN, CHANCE, AND NECESSITY

204

(5)

1. Design: The Anthropic Principle

204

(2)

2. Chance: Many-Worlds Theories

206

(1)

3. Necessity: A Theory of Everything

207

(2)

IV. THEOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS

209

(12)

1. Intelligibility and Contingency

209

(3)

2. Ex Nihilo and Continuing Creation

212

(2)

3. The Significance of Humanity

214

(2)

4. Eschatology and the Future

216

(5)

9. EVOLUTION AND CONTINUING CREATION

221

(32)

I. EVOLUTIONARY THEORY

221

(9)

1. The Modern Synthesis

221

(2)

2. Current Debates

223

(2)

3. DNA and the Origin of Life

225

(2)

4. DNA, Information, and Systems Theory

227

(3)

II. A HIERARCHY OF LEVELS

230

(7)

1. Three Forms of Reduction

230

(3)

2. Levels, Emergence, and Wholes

233

(2)

3. Sentience and Purposiveness

235

(2)

III. THEOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS

237

(16)

1. Chance and Design

237

(3)

2. Models of Creation

240

(3)

3. Conflict, Independence, and Dialogue

243

(2)

4. The Integration of Creation and Evolution

245

(8)

PART FOUR PHILOSOPHICAL AND THEOLOGICAL REFLECTIONS

253

(80)

10. HUMAN NATURE

253

(28)

I. BIOLOGY AND HUMAN NATURE

253

(10)

1. Human Origins

253

(2)

2. Sociobiology and Cultural Evolution

255

(3)

3. The Status of Mind

258

(5)

II. RELIGION AND HUMAN NATURE

263

(14)

1. The Evolution of Religion

263

(4)

2. The Biblical View of Human Nature

267

(5)

3. The Role of Christ

272

(5)

III. THE HUMAN FUTURE

277

(4)

1. Science and the Human Future

277

(2)

2. Theology and the Human Future

279

(2)

11. PROCESS THOUGHT

281

(24)

I. SUMMARY: A MULTILEVELED COSMOS

281

(3)

1. Medieval and Newtonian Views

281

(2)

2. The New View of Nature

283

(1)

II. PROCESS PHILOSOPHY

284

(9)

1. An Ecological Metaphysics

284

(3)

2. Diverse Levels of Experience

287

(3)

3. Science and Metaphysics

290

(3)

III. PROCESS THEOLOGY

293

(12)

1. The Role of God

293

(2)

2. God's Action in the World

295

(2)

3. Christian Process Theology

297

(3)

4. The Problem of Evil and Suffering

300

(5)

12. GOD AND NATURE

305

(28)

I. CLASSICAL THEISM

306

(6)

1. The Monarchical Model

306

(3)

2. Primary and Secondary Causes

309

(3)

II. SOME ALTERNATIVES

312

(10)

1. God as Determiner of Indeterminacies

312

(1)

2. God as Communicator of Information

313

(2)

3. God's Self-Limitation

315

(3)

4. God as Agent

318

(2)

5. The World as God's Body

320

(2)

III. PROCESS THEISM

322

(7)

1. God as Creative Participant

322

(3)

2. Problems in Process Theology

325

(4)

IV. CONCLUSIONS

329

(4)

Notes

333

(24)

Glossary

357

(4)

Index of Names

361

(6)

Index of Selected Topics

367

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Religion and Science

Summary

Table of Contents

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