Renewables-Based Technology Sustainability

Sustainability is a key driving force for industries in the chemical, food, packaging, agricultural and pharmaceutical sectors, and quantitative sustainability indicators are being incorporated into company reports. This is driving the uptake of renewable resources and the adoption of renewables. Renewables' can either be the substituted raw materials that are used in a given industry, (e.g. the use of biomass for fuel); the use and/or modification of a crop for use in a new industry (e.g. plant cellulose), or the reuse of a waste product (e.g. organic waste for energy production).This is the first book in the Wiley Renewable Resources series that brings together the range of sustainability assessment methods and their uses. Ensuing books in the series will look at individual renewable materials and applications.

Editors: Prof Dr Jo Dewulf, Prof Dr Herman van Langenhove, both of Ghent University, Belgium. Both experienced researchers in environmental chemistry and clean technology.

Contributors.

Foreword.

Series Preface.

Preface.

List of Abbreviations.

Part I: Renewables as a Resource and Sustainability Performance Indicators.

1 The Contribution of Renewables to Society (Göran Berndes).

1.1 Introduction.

1.2 Historic and Present Biomass Uses for Food, Energy and Materials in the World.

1.3 Potential Availability of Agricultural Residues and Land for Non-Food Crop Production.

1.4 Drivers Behind Increasing Demand for Biomass for Energy and Materials.

1.5 Land Use Competition.

1.6 Multifunctional Biomass Production Systems.

1.7 Summary.

2 The Potential of Renewables as a Feedstock for Chemistry and Energy (Wilfried G. J. H. M. van Sark, Martin K. Patel, André P. C. Faaij and Monique M. Hoogwijk).

2.1 Introduction.

2.2 Supply of Energy and Materials Using Renewables.

2.3 Demand for Energy and Materials.

2.4 Summary.

3 Sustainability Performance Indicators (Alexei Lapkin).

3.1 Introduction.

3.2 The Hierarchy of Sustainability Metrics.

3.3 Aspects of Methodology.

3.4 Examples of Sustainability Metrics for Technology Assessment.

3.5 Summary.

Part II: Relevant Assessment Tools.

4 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis Applied to Renewable Resources (Niels Jungbluth and Rolf Frischknecht).

4.1 Introduction.

4.2 Conceptual Background to LCA in ISO 14040ff.

4.3 Goal and Scope Definition.

4.4 Inventory Analysis.

4.5 LCI Data Documentation and Exchange Format.

4.6 Consequential versus Attributional LCI.

4.7 Summary.

5 Net Energy Balancing and Fuel-Cycle Analysis (Hosein Shapouri, Michael Wang and James A. Duffield).

5.1 Introduction.

5.2 Methodology.

5.3 Energy Balance of Fossil Fuel versus Biofuel.

5.4 Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Corn Ethanol Production.

5.5 Summary.

6 Life Cycle Assessment as an Environmental Sustainability Tool (Adisa Azapagic).

6.1 Introduction.

6.2 The LCA Methodology: A Brief Overview.

6.3 LCIA Impact Categories as Indicators of Environmental Sustainability.

6.4 Using LCA to Assess Environmental Sustainability.

6.5 Summary.

7 Exergy (Jo Dewulf and Herman Van Langenhove).

7.1 Introduction.

7.2 Assessment of Sustainability of Technology: Developing Metrics.

7.3 A Thermodynamic Basis for Developing Sustainability Assessment Metrics: Exergy.

7.4 Technology Assessment by Exergy Analysis.

7.5 Exergy-Based Indicators: How to Assess the Role of Renewables.

7.6 Exergy-based Indicators: Integrating the Role of Renewables in an Overall Physical Chemical Sustainability Assessment.

7.7 Summary.

8 Material Flow Analysis and the Use of Renewables from a Systems Perspective (Stefan Bringezu).

8.1 Introduction.

8.2 Overview of the Methodology.

8.3 Examples of MFA Studies in the Context of Renewables.

8.4 Summary.

9 Ecological Footprints and Biocapacity: Essential Elements in Sustainability Assessment (William E. Rees).

9.1 Introduction.

9.2 Eco-Footprint Analysis.

9.3 Inherent Strengths in EFA.

9.4 Answering the Critics.

9.5 Summary.

10 The Sustainable Process Index (SPI) (Michael Narodoslawsky and Anneliese Niederl).

10.1 Introduction.

10.2 Computation of the SPI.

10.3 Case Study: Biodiesel from Used Vegetable Oil.

10.4 Summary.

Part III:Case Studies.

11 Assessment of Sustainable Land Use in Producing Biomass (Helmut Haberl and Karl-Heinz Erb).

11.1 Introduction.

11.2 Sustainability Issues Involved in Promoting Biomass Energy.

11.3 Recommendations.

11.4 Summary.

12 Assessment of the Forest Products Industries (Klaus Richter, Frank Werner and Hans-Jörg Althaus).

12.1 Introduction.

12.2 Metrics and Criteria to Assess the Sustainability of Forestry.

12.3 Metrics and Criteria for Assessing the Sustainability of the Wood Industry.

12.4 Scope for Action.

12.5 Summary.

13 Assessment of the Energy Production Industry: Modern Options for Producing Secondary Energy Carriers from Biomass (André Faaij).

13.1 Introduction.

13.2 Technology Overview.

13.3 Economics of Biomass Energy Systems.

13.4 Heat, Power and Fuels from Biomass: Key Markets.

13.5 Summary.

14 Assessment of Biofuels (James A. Duffield, Hosein Shapouri and Michael Wang).

14.1 Introduction.

14.2 Background.

14.3 Biofuel Feedstocks.

14.4 Bio-Transportation Fuels and Fuel Additives.

14.5 Current Supply of Biofuels.

14.6 Future Supply of Biofuels.

14.7 Measuring the Sustainability of Biofuels.

14.8 Summary.

15 Assessment of Organic Waste Treatment (Jan-Olov Sundqvist).

15.1 Introduction.

15.2 General Description of Options for Organic Waste Treatment.

15.3 Environmental Characteristics of Organic Waste Treatment.

15.4 Results of a Life Cycle Assessment of Organic Waste.

15.5 Discussion.

15.6 Summary.

16 Oleochemical and Petrochemical Surfactants: An Overall Assessment (Erwan Saouter, Gert Van Hoof, Mark Stalmans and Alan Brunskill).

16.1 Introduction.

16.2 Main Chemical and Structural Differences.

16.3 Resource and Usage.

16.4 Environmental Profile.

16.5 Sustainability Aspects of Oleochemical Production.

16.6 Summary.

17 Assessment of Bio-Based Packaging Materials (Andreas Detzel, Martina Krüger and Axel Ostermayer).

17.1 Introduction.

17.2 Environmental Aspects of Polymer Production.

17.3 Environmental Aspects of Packaging Disposal.

17.4 Summary.

18 Assessment of Biotechnology-Based Chemicals (Peter Saling and Andreas Kicherer).

18.1 Introduction.

18.2 Explanation: What is Eco-Efficiency Analysis?

18.3 Evaluation of Decision-making Processes with Eco-Efficiency Analysis.

18.4 Case Studies.

18.5 Summary.

19 Assessment of Bio-Based Pharmaceuticals: The Cephalexin Case (Alle Bruggink and Peter Nossin).

19.1 Introduction.

19.2 Assessment Methods During Process Development andTechnology Transfers.

19.3 Assessment of Bio-Based Routes to Cephalexin.

19.4 Summary.

Part IV:Conclusions.

20 Conclusions (Jo Dewulf and Herman Van Langenhove).

20.1 Introduction.

20.2 The Available Sustainability Metrics.

20.3 Where Are We Going in Assessing Renewables-Based Technology?

Index.

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Renewables-Based Technology Sustainability Assessment

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials