Research Methods In Lifespan Development

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ISBN: 9780205354818 | 0205354815
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 8/11/2005

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Research Methods in Lifespan Developmentis the only comprehensive book on the market pertaining to research methods in lifespan development. Its "user friendly" writing style will appeal to students as it is designed to educate, not intimidate, while instructorrs"s will appreciate the comprehensive, chronological organization of the book.

Preface

PART ONE Basic Research Methods

(60)

General Research Strategies

(32)

The Field of Lifespan Development

(2)

Influences on Development

(1)

The Field of Lifespan Development: A Summary

(1)

General Research Methods

(10)

Initial Planning: The Importance of Theory

(2)

Research Designs

(6)

Box 1.1 Using Analog Methods to Study Difficult-to-Manipulate Variables

(1)

Critiquing Designs

(1)

Controlling Validity Threats

(5)

The Participants: Today's Problems

(2)

The Participants: Tomorrow's Problems

(2)

The Experimenter

(1)

Controlling Threats to External Validity

(1)

Summary of Validity Threats

(1)

Developmental Designs

(7)

Cross-Sectional Designs

(2)

Longitudinal Designs

(2)

Time-Lag Designs

(1)

Modified Developmental Designs

(2)

Developmental Designs and Methods

(1)

Summary of Developmental Designs

(1)

Methods of Data Collection

(4)

Data-Collection Strategies I: Addressing ``How''

(3)

Data-Collection Strategies II: Addressing ``Good''

(1)

Summary of Data-Collection Methods

(1)

Chapter Summary

(3)

Research Navigator™ Exercise 1: Identifying Introductory Terms

(1)

Research Navigator™ Exercise 2: The Scientific, Applied, and Collaborative Nature of the Field

(1)

Participants, Researchers, and Research Settings

(28)

Sampling and Recruitment

(6)

Sampling

(2)

Sampling Different Age Groups

(1)

Box 2.1 Using Multiple Sampling Strategies to Obtain Sample Diversity

(1)

Recruitment

(1)

Summary of Sampling and Recruitment Methods

(1)

Ethical Issues in Human Development Research

(6)

The Institutional Review Board (IRB)

(1)

Informed Consent

(2)

Risks and Benefits

(1)

Confidentiality

(1)

Vulnerable Populations

(1)

Summary of Ethical Issues

(1)

Box 2.2 The Effects of Peer-Reputation Measures

(1)

The Experimenter

(3)

Standardization

(1)

Experimenter Bias

(1)

Additional Sources of Subject Reactivity

(1)

Research Settings

(10)

Common Research Settings

(2)

Obtaining Parental Permission

(3)

Box 2.3 The Neighborhood Walk

(2)

Box 2.4 Emerging Rules for Internet Research

(1)

Summary of Research Settings

(1)

Chapter Summary

(2)

Research Navigator™ Exercise: Identifying Sampling, Recruiting, and Consent Procedures

(1)

PART TWO Research Methods in Infant Development

(96)

Newborn and Biobehavioral Assessment

(29)

Major Methodological Issues

(6)

Sampling and Recruitment

(2)

The Importance of Infant State

(1)

Working with Vulnerable Infants

(4)

Summary of Methodological Issues

(1)

Neonatal Assessment

(6)

Common Perinatal Screening Strategies

(1)

Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)

(2)

Additional Behavioral-Assessment Scales

(1)

Box 3.1 NBAS Training as an Intervention

(1)

Summary of Newborn Assessment

(1)

State Regulation and Arousal

(10)

Infant State Assessment

(3)

Box 3.2 Using the ``Breathing Bear'' to Assist the State Regulation of Premature Infants

(1)

Assessment of Infant Crying

(1)

Physiological Indices of Arousal and Regulation

(2)

Temperament

(2)

Summary of State Regulation and Arousal Assessment

(1)

Box 3.3 Born Too Shy? A Longitudinal Study of Infant Reactivity

(1)

Growth and Motor Development

(2)

Physical Growth

(1)

Motor Development

(2)

Summary of Growth and Motor Development

(1)

Chapter Summary

(2)

Research Navigator™ Exercise: Read a Real Sad Study---The Assessment of Infant Crying

(6)

Assessing Infant Mental Abilities

(35)

Assessment of Infant Learning and Information Processing

(7)

Habituation

(1)

Expectancy Formation

(1)

Box 4.1 Physiological Measures to Tap Infant Learning

(2)

Instrumental Conditioning

(1)

Object-Hiding and Deferred-Imitation Paradigms

(1)

Summary of Infant Learning/Information-Processing Assessment

(1)

Infant Sensation and Perception

(11)

Touch

(1)

Box 4.2 When's a Touch Too Much? Infant Massage Therapy

(1)

Chemical Sensation: Olfaction and Taste

(3)

Visual Perception

102

(4)

Auditory Perception

106

(2)

Cross-Modal Transfer

108

(1)

Summary of Infant Sensation and Perception

108

(1)

Cognition

108

(8)

Object Concept Formation

109

(2)

Categorization

111

(2)

Space, Time, and Number

113

(2)

Summary of Infant Cognition Methods

115

(1)

Testing Infant Mental Development

116

(3)

Bayley Scales of Infant Development

116

(2)

Battelle Developmental Inventory (BDI)

118

(1)

Summary of Infant Tests of Mental Development

119

(1)

Play Assessment

119

(4)

Methodological Considerations

119

(1)

Infant Free-Play Assessments

120

(2)

Elicited-Play Assessments

122

(1)

Summary of Play Assessment

123

(1)

Chapter Summary

123

(2)

Research Navigator™ Exercise: Object Permanence Methods

124

(1)

Assessing Infant Socioemotional Development

125

(32)

Capturing Early Emotional Development

125

(1)

Assessing Basic Infant Emotions

126

(10)

Cognitive Maturity

126

(2)

Emotional Elicitors

128

(1)

Measuring Emotional Expression and States

129

(4)

Box 5.1 Facial Expressions in Infants Across Three Cultures

133

(3)

Summary of Early Emotional Development

136

(1)

Assessing Emotion Regulation

136

(6)

Definition and Basic Measurement Strategies

136

(1)

Predictors of Emotion Regulation

137

(5)

Summary of Emotion-Regulation Assessment

142

(1)

Assessing Infant Attachment

142

(8)

Definitional and Theoretical Issues

142

(2)

The Strange Situation

144

(1)

Box 5.2 Modifying the Strange Situation

145

(3)

Attachment Behavior Q-Set

148

(2)

Variables that Predict Attachment Security or Insecurity

150

(1)

The Adult Attachment Interview

150

(5)

Box 5.3 Is Attachment Security Universally Valued?

151

(1)

Adult Attachment Interview: A Brief Overview

151

(1)

Associations with Infant Attachment and Caregiver Sensitivity

152

(2)

Frightening or Frightened Caregiver Behavior

154

(1)

Summary of Adult Attachment Interview

155

(1)

Chapter Summary

155

(2)

Research Navigator™ Exercise: Infant Attachment

156

(1)

PART THREE Research Methods in Child Development

157

(102)

Assessing Cognitive Processes in Children

157

(33)

Assessing Cognition I: Piagetian Techniques

158

(6)

Piaget's Theory: A Brief Overview

158

(2)

An Introduction to Piagetian Methods

160

(4)

Summary of Piagetian Theory and Tasks

164

(1)

Assessing Cognition II: Recent Techniques

164

(10)

Alteration of Task Requirements and Training

165

(2)

Assessing Domain-Specific Knowledge

167

(1)

Assessing Theory of Mind

168

(1)

Assessment of Sociodramatic Play

169

(2)

Conclusions and Piaget's Legacy

171

(2)

Box 6.1 The Museum as a Research Context

173

(1)

Assessing Information Processing in Children

174

(14)

Major Components of the Information-Processing System

174

(1)

Assessing Information-Processing Components and Capabilities

175

(1)

Information-Processing Speed

176

(2)

Episodic Buffer ``Space''

178

(1)

Assessing the Efficiency of Working Memory

178

(6)

Assessing Retrieval Strategies

184

(2)

Summary of Information-Processing Methods

186

(1)

Box 6.2 Assessing Eyewitness Recall in Children

187

(1)

Chapter Summary

188

(2)

Research Navigator™ Exercise: Working Memory in Children

189

(1)

Assessing Child Intellect and Language

190

(32)

Assessing Child Intellect

190

(12)

Group-Administered Intelligence Tests

191

(1)

Individual Tests of Intelligence

192

(5)

Reliability and Validity of Intelligence Tests

197

(1)

Assessing ``Total'' Intelligence

198

(2)

Assessing Child Intellect: A Summary

200

(1)

Box 7.1 Does Television-Viewing Warp Thinking?

200

(2)

Language Assessment

202

(16)

Types of Language Assessments

202

(1)

Language Development: A Very Brief Landscape

203

(2)

Major Considerations Regarding Language Assessment

205

(2)

Box 7.2 Talking to Myself: The Assessment of Private Speech

207

(1)

Screening Infants and Children for Communicative Abilities

207

(1)

Comprehensive, Standardized Language Tests

208

(3)

Comprehensive Assessment of Language in Naturalistic Settings

211

(6)

Summary of Language Assessment

217

(1)

Assessing the Cognitive and Linguistic Environments of Children

217

(1)

Assessing Adult Mentorship Behavior

218

(2)

Beyond the Parent-Child Dyad

219

(1)

Assessing Learning and Cognitive Environments: A Summary

220

(1)

Chapter Summary

220

(2)

Research Navigator™ Exercise: Intelligence in Children

221

(1)

Assessing Social Development in Children

222

(37)

Obtaining Consistent, Accurate Data from Children

222

(3)

Are Children Good Informants?

223

(1)

Box 8.1 How to Interview Children

224

(1)

The Use of Child Informants: A Summary

225

(1)

Assessing Self-Representation and Self-Esteem

225

(5)

Assessing Self-Representation

225

(3)

Assessing Self-Esteem

228

(2)

Summary of Self-Assessment

230

(1)

Assessing Gender-Related Thinking and Behavior in Children

230

(7)

Gender-Schema Theory

231

(1)

Sex As an Independent Variable

231

(1)

Assessing Gender-Related Attitudes and Preferences

232

(2)

Assessing Gender Constancy and Gender Identity

234

(2)

Assessing Gender-Related Behavior

236

(1)

Summary of Gender-Related Assessments

237

(1)

Assessing Prosocial Reasoning and Behavior

237

(13)

Assessing Perspective Taking

237

(4)

Assessing Moral Reasoning, Distributive Justice, and Social Conventions

241

(5)

Assessing Prosocial Behavior

246

(1)

Assessing Empathy and Sympathy

247

(1)

Box 8.2 Assessing Aggression in Context

248

(2)

Assessing Prosocial Reasoning and Behavior: A Summary

250

(1)

Assessing Relationships with Others

250

(6)

Assessing Child-Caregiver Attachment

251

(2)

Assessing Peer Relationships

253

(3)

Assessing Relationships with Others: A Summary

256

(1)

Chapter Summary

256

(3)

Research Navigator™ Exercise: Bullies and Victims

257

(2)

PART FOUR Research Methods in Adolescent Development

259

(66)

Assessing Adolescent Development I: Biological, Cognitive, and Social Changes

259

(32)

Understanding Adolescent Development: A Brief Overview

260

(3)

A Contemporary Framework

260

(2)

Understanding Adolescent Development: A Summary

262

(1)

Assessing Pubertal Development

263

(5)

Assessing Hormonal Concentrations

263

(1)

Box 9.1 An Event-Sampling Method for Documenting Mood Changes

264

(1)

Assessing Pubertal Change and Status

265

(3)

Measuring Pubertal Development: A Summary

268

(1)

Measuring Cognitive Changes in Adolescence

268

(9)

Piaget's Perspective on Adolescent Thought

269

(3)

Box 9.2 Linking Social and Cognitive Development

272

(1)

Piagetian Theory and Methods: A Summary

273

(1)

Assessing Adolescent Information Processing

274

(3)

Summary of Cognitive Assessment

277

(1)

Assessing Social Change

277

(12)

Social Changes in the Family Context

278

(6)

Assessing Social Changes in the Peer Group

284

(2)

Assessing Adolescent-Adult Transitions

286

(3)

Assessing Social Changes: A Summary

289

(1)

Chapter Summary

289

(2)

Research Navigator™ Exercise: Adolescents and Culture

290

(1)

Assessing Adolescent Development II: The Developmental Outcomes

291

(34)

Attachment and Intimacy

292

(6)

Attachment

292

(4)

Intimacy

296

(1)

Some Remaining Questions

297

(1)

Assessing Attachment and Intimacy: A Summary

298

(1)

Autonomy

298

(8)

Emotional Autonomy

299

(1)

Behavioral Autonomy

300

(1)

Value Autonomy

301

(4)

Some Conclusions About Autonomy Assessment

305

(1)

Identity

306

(5)

Erikson's Theory: A Brief Overview

306

(1)

Identity: Additional Methodological and Theoretical Issues

307

(1)

Box 10.1 Is Erikson's Theory Developmentally Valid?

308

(3)

Some Conclusions Regarding Identity Assessment

311

(1)

Achievement

311

(8)

Assessing Educational Achievement

311

(5)

Assessing Occupational Aspirations

316

(2)

Achievement: A Summary

318

(1)

Sexuality

319

(3)

Locating Research Contexts and Samples

319

(1)

What to Assess?

320

(1)

Some Remaining Methodological and Theoretical Issues

321

(1)

Assessing Sexuality: Some Concluding Thoughts

322

(1)

Chapter Summary

322

(3)

Research Navigator™ Exercise: Adolescents and Sex

323

(2)

PART FIVE Research Methods in Adult Development and Aging

325

(73)

Methodological Issues in Adult Development Research I: Biological and Cognitive Changes

325

(36)

Methodological Issues Facing Adult Developmentalists

326

(4)

What Influences Development?

326

(1)

Sampling

327

(1)

Maximizing Data Quality

328

(1)

Summary

329

(1)

Assessing Biological and Health Ramifications of Aging

330

(7)

The Biology of Aging: Methodological Considerations

330

(2)

Health, Disease, and Health Risk

332

(4)

Summary

336

(1)

Stress and Coping: Methodological Issues

337

(7)

Stress: Definitional and Methodological Issues

337

(4)

Stress Outcomes

341

(1)

The Assessment of Coping

341

(1)

Box 11.1 Parents are Hassled: No Kidding Around

341

(3)

Summary

344

(1)

Adult Cognition

344

(15)

Intelligence

344

(3)

Box 11.2 Can We Reverse Cognitive Decline?

347

(1)

Information Processing and Memory

348

(6)

Qualitative Cognitive Changes

354

(5)

Summary

359

(1)

Chapter Summary

359

(2)

Research Navigator™ Exercise: Stress and Coping

360

(1)

Methodological Issues in Adult Development Research II: Personality and Social Processes

361

(37)

Methodological Approaches to Personality Development

361

(5)

Trait Theory and Research

362

(2)

Box 12.1 Assessing the Personalities of Children

364

(1)

Stage Theories of Personality

364

(2)

Summary

366

(1)

Assessing the Context of Marriage

366

(7)

Marital Behavior

367

(3)

Marital Cognitions

370

(2)

Marital Quality

372

(1)

Summary

372

(1)

Methodological Issues in Parenting Research

373

(12)

What Child Outcomes Should I Predict?

374

(1)

Parental Emotional Functioning

374

(3)

Parental Cognitions

377

(4)

Parenting Styles and Practices

381

(4)

Summary

385

(1)

Grandparenting and Intergenerational Relationships

385

(6)

The Theoretical Influence of Grandparents

385

(2)

Box 12.2 The Intergenerational Effects of Parenting and Attachment

387

(1)

Variables That Influence Grandparent-Grandchild Relationships

387

(2)

Methodological Issues in Caregiving

389

(2)

Summary

391

(1)

Career Development: Methodological and Assessment Issues

391

(5)

The Adult Worker: Methodological Issues

391

(2)

Theories of Career Development

393

(1)

Assessing Career Development

394

(1)

Assessing Career-Development Outcomes

395

(1)

Summary

396

(1)

Chapter Summary

396

(2)

Research Navigator™ Exercise: Marital Satisfaction

397

(1)

References

398

(37)

Glossary

435

(8)

Index

443

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Research Methods In Lifespan Development

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials