Restocking and Stock Enhancement of Marine Invertebrate Fisheries

, by Bell; Rothlisberg; Munro; Loneragan; Nash; Ward; Andrew

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ISBN: 9780120261499 | 0120261499
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 12/7/2005

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Many of the worlds fisheries are in trouble - they no longer yield the catches, and potential profits, they once did. The habitats that support fisheries have been damaged by pollution and other irresponsible use of coastal land. Destructive fishing methods like trawling and blast fishing have also changed fish habitats resulting in support of fewer fish. The authors draw on more than 1000 scientific papers covering 11 groups/species of marine invertebrates. From this large literature, they distill 20 lessons for assessing and guiding the use of restocking and stock enhancement in the management of invertebrate fisheries. Written by 7 expert authors Covers 11 groups/species of marine invertebrates Reviews over 1000 scientific papers Identifies 20 lessons that can be learned from past restocking and stock enhancement initiatives Proposes a new approach to assess the potential value of hatchery releases to complement other forms of management Assesses progress of disciple against the blueprint for a responsible approach

PREFACE

1. Introduction

2. Restocking Initiatives

2.1. Giant Clams

(8)

2.1.1. Background and rationale for restocking

(1)

2.1.2. Supply of juveniles

(2)

2.1.3. Defects caused by rearing

(1)

2.1.4. Release strategies

(1)

2.1.5. Minimising genetic impacts

(2)

2.1.6. Disease risks and other environmental impacts

(1)

2.1.7. Status of restocking initiatives

(1)

2.1.8. Problems to overcome

(1)

2.1.9. Management

(1)

2.1.10. Future research

(1)

2.2. Topshell

(11)

2.2.1. Background and rationale for restocking

(2)

2.2.2. Supply of juveniles

(2)

2.2.3. Defects caused by rearing

(2)

2.2.4. Release strategies

(1)

2.2.5. Use of artificial habitat

(1)

2.2.6. Minimising genetic impacts

(1)

2.2.7. Disease risks and other environmental impacts

(1)

2.2.8. Systems for marking juveniles to assess effectiveness of releases

(1)

2.2.9. Status of restocking initiatives

(1)

2.2.10. Management

(1)

2.2.11. Future research

(1)

2.3. Sea Cucumbers

(16)

2.3.1. Background and rationale for restocking

(3)

2.3.2. Supply of juveniles

(2)

2.3.3. Defects caused by rearing

(1)

2.3.4. Release strategies

(1)

2.3.5. Minimising genetic impacts

(1)

2.3.6. Disease risks and other environmental impacts

(1)

2.3.7. Systems for marking juveniles to assess effectiveness of releases

(1)

2.3.8. Status of restocking initiatives

(1)

2.3.9. Management

(1)

2.3.10. Future research

(1)

2.3.11. Stock enhancement, farming and sea ranching of Apostichopus japonicus

(6)

3. Stock Enhancement Initiatives

3.1. Scallops

(16)

3.1.1. Background and rationale for stock enhancement

(1)

3.1.2. Supply of juveniles

(3)

3.1.3. Defects caused by rearing

(2)

3.1.4. Release strategies

(2)

3.1.5. Minimising genetic impacts

(1)

3.1.6. Disease risks and other environmental problems

(2)

3.1.7. Systems for marking juveniles to assess effectiveness of releases

(1)

3.1.8. Status of stock enhancement initiatives

(2)

3.1.9. Management

(2)

3.1.10. Marketing

(1)

3.1.11. Problems to overcome

(1)

3.1.12. Future research

(1)

3.2. Other Bivalves

(20)

3.2.1. Background and rationale for stock enhancement

(5)

3.2.2. Supply of juveniles

(1)

3.2.3. Defects caused by rearing

(1)

3.2.4. Release strategies

(4)

3.2.5. Use of artificial habitats

(3)

3.2.6. Minimising genetic impacts

(1)

3.2.7. Disease risks

(2)

3.2.8. Systems for marking juveniles to assess effectiveness of releases

(1)

3.2.9. Status of stock enhancement initiatives

(2)

3.2.10. Management

(1)

3.2.11. Future research

(1)

3.3. Abalone

(24)

3.3.1. Background and rationale for stock enhancement

(4)

3.3.2. Supply of juveniles

(1)

3.3.3. Defects caused by rearing

(1)

3.3.4. Release strategies

(2)

3.3.5. Use of artificial habitat

(1)

3.3.6. Minimising genetic impacts

(3)

3.3.7. Diseases

(1)

3.3.8. Systems for marking juveniles to assess effectiveness of releases

(1)

3.3.9. Status of stock enhancement initiatives

(9)

3.3.10. Management

101

(1)

3.3.11. Problems to overcome

102

(2)

3.3.12. Future research

104

(1)

3.4. Queen Conch

105

(12)

3.4.1. Background and rationale for stock enhancement

105

(4)

3.4.2. Supply of juveniles

109

(1)

3.4.3. Defects caused by rearing

109

(1)

3.4.4. Release strategies

110

(3)

3.4.5. Minimising genetic impacts

113

(1)

3.4.6. Disease risks

113

(1)

3.4.7. Systems for marking juveniles to assess effectiveness of releases

113

(1)

3.4.8. Status of stock enhancement initiatives

114

(1)

3.4.9. Management

114

(1)

3.4.10. Future research

115

(2)

3.5. Shrimp

117

(26)

3.5.1. Background and rationale for stock enhancement

117

(5)

3.5.2. Supply of juveniles

122

(1)

3.5.3. Defects caused by rearing

123

(2)

3.5.4. Release strategies

125

(5)

3.5.5. Minimising genetic impacts

130

(1)

3.5.6. Disease risks

131

(1)

3.5.7. Systems for marking juveniles to assess effectiveness of releases

132

(2)

3.5.8. Status of stock enhancement initiatives

134

(5)

3.5.9. Management

139

(2)

3.5.10. Marketing

141

(1)

3.5.11. Problems to overcome

141

(1)

3.5.12. Future research

142

(1)

3.6. Spiny Lobsters

143

(24)

3.6.1. Background and rationale for stock enhancement

143

(4)

3.6.2. Stock enhancement-related research

147

(16)

3.6.3. Status of stock enhancement initiatives

163

(1)

3.6.4. Minimising genetic impacts

164

(1)

3.6.5. Disease risks

165

(1)

3.6.6. Future research

166

(1)

3.7. Lobsters

167

(19)

3.7.1. Background and rationale for stock enhancement

167

(5)

3.7.2. Supply of juveniles

172

(1)

3.7.3. Defects caused by rearing

173

(1)

3.7.4. Release strategies

174

(1)

3.7.5. Use of artificial habitat

175

(1)

3.7.6. Minimising genetic impacts

176

(1)

3.7.7. Disease risks

177

(1)

3.7.8. Systems for marking juveniles to assess effectiveness of releases

178

(1)

3.7.9. Status of stock enhancement initiatives

179

(4)

3.7.10. Management

183

(1)

3.7.11. Problems to overcome

184

(1)

3.7.12. Future research

185

(1)

3.8. Sea Urchins

186

(11)

3.8.1. Background and rationale for stock enhancement

186

(2)

3.8.2. Supply of juveniles

188

(1)

3.8.3. Release strategies

188

(1)

3.8.4. Use of artificial habitat

189

(1)

3.8.5. Enhancement of roe

190

(1)

3.8.6. Minimizing genetic impacts

190

(1)

3.8.7. Disease risks and other environmental impacts

191

(1)

3.8.8. Systems for marking juveniles to assess effectiveness of releases

191

(1)

3.8.9. Status of stock enhancement initiatives

191

(4)

3.8.10. Management

195

(1)

3.8.11. Future research

195

(2)

4. Overview and Progress Towards a Responsible Approach

4.1. Restocking initiatives

197

(10)

4.1.1. General trends

197

(3)

4.1.2. Progress towards a responsible approach for restocking

200

(7)

4.2. Stock Enhancement Initiatives

207

(15)

4.2.1. General trends

207

(3)

4.2.2. Progress towards a responsible approach to stock enhancement

210

(12)

5. Lessons Learned

5.1. Lessons for Restocking

222

(1)

5.2. Lessons for Stock Enhancement

222

(3)

5.3. Lessons for Both Restocking and Stock Enhancement

225

(3)

6. Management of Restocking and Stock Enhancement Programmes

6.1. Information to Evaluate the Need for Restocking

228

(3)

6.1.1. Stock delineation

228

(1)

6.1.2. Time frames for recovery with and without restocking

229

(1)

6.1.3. Capacity of hatcheries to produce sufficient juveniles

230

(1)

6.2. Management of Restocking

231

(1)

6.3. Information to Evaluate the Need for Stock Enhancement

232

(1)

6.4. Management of Stock Enhancement

232

(7)

6.4.1. Estimating how many juveniles to release

233

(4)

6.4.2. Increasing productivity further through manipulations of the ecosystem

237

(1)

6.4.3. Other considerations for management of enhanced fisheries

238

(1)

6.5. Measures to Optimise Social and Financial Benefits of Restocking and Stock Enhancement

239

(4)

6.6. Independent Assessments

241

(2)

7. Other Important Considerations for All Initiatives

7.1. Measuring Success

243

(10)

7.1.1. Availability of tags for marine invertebrates

245

(5)

7.1.2. Factors to consider when selecting a tag

250

(2)

7.1.3. Alternative approaches

252

(1)

7.2. Genetic Considerations

253

(16)

7.2.1. Measuring genetic population structure

253

(8)

7.2.2. Patterns of genetic population structure in marine invertebrates

261

(3)

7.2.3. Genetic population structure in marine invertebrates targeted for restocking and stock enhancement

264

(1)

7.2.4. Population structure and its implications for restocking and stock enhancement programmes

265

(1)

7.2.5. Hatchery protocols to maintain genetic diversity

266

(3)

7.2.6. Genetic impacts of restocking and stock enhancement programmes

269

(1)

7.3. Disease Risks

269

(3)

7.4. Other Environmental Impacts

272

(5)

8. Conclusions

8.1. Achievements

277

(2)

8.2. The Responsible Approach

279

(3)

8.3. The Way Forward

282

(2)

8.4. Future Research

284

(2)

8.5. Summary Remarks

286

(3)

References

289

(66)

Appendix

355

(4)

Taxonomic Index

359

(6)

Subject Index

365

(6)

Series Contents for Last Ten Years

371

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Restocking and Stock Enhancement of Marine Invertebrate Fisheries

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Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials