RF Microelectronics

Behzad Razavi, Professor of Electrical Engineering at UCLA, leads the Communication Circuits Laboratory (CCL). Emphasizing the use of mainstream CMOS technologies, CCL's research seeks and exploits new devices, circuits, and architectures to push the performance envelope. Razavi holds a BSEE from Sharif University of Technology and MSEE and PhDEE degrees from Stanford. He was with ATT Bell Laboratories and HP Labs until 1996. An IEEE Distinguished Lecturer and IEEE Fellow, his books include Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits, Design of Integrated Circuits for Optical Communications, and Fundamentals of Microelectronics.

1.1 A Wireless World 1

1.2 RF Design Is Challenging 3

1.3 The Big Picture 4

References 5

2.1 General Considerations 7

2.2 Effects of Nonlinearity 14

2.3 Noise 35

2.4 Sensitivity and Dynamic Range 58

2.5 Passive Impedance Transformation 62

2.6 Scattering Parameters 71

2.7 Analysis of Nonlinear Dynamic Systems 75

2.8 Volterra Series 77

References 86

Problems 86

3.1 General Considerations 91

3.2 Analog Modulation 93

3.3 Digital Modulation 99

3.4 Spectral Regrowth 118

3.5 Mobile RF Communications 119

3.6 Multiple Access Techniques 123

3.7 Wireless Standards 130

3.8 Appendix I: Differential Phase Shift Keying 151

References 152

Problems 152

4.1 General Considerations 155

4.2 Receiver Architectures 160

4.3 Transmitter Architectures 226

4.4 OOK Transceivers 248

References 249

Problems 250

5.1 General Considerations 255

5.2 Problem of Input Matching 263

5.3 LNA Topologies 266

5.4 Gain Switching 305

5.5 Band Switching 312

5.6 High-IP2 LNAs 313

5.7 Nonlinearity Calculations 325

References 333

Problems 333

6.1 General Considerations 337

6.2 Passive Downconversion Mixers 350

6.3 Active Downconversion Mixers 368

6.4 Improved Mixer Topologies 393

6.5 Upconversion Mixers 408

References 424

Problems 425

7.1 General Considerations 429

7.2 Inductors 431

7.3 Transformers 470

7.4 Transmission Lines 476

7.4.1 T-Line Structures 478

7.5 Varactors 483

7.6 Constant Capacitors 490

References 495

Problems 496

8.1 Performance Parameters 497

8.2 Basic Principles 501

8.3 Cross-Coupled Oscillator 511

8.4 Three-Point Oscillators 517

8.5 Voltage-Controlled Oscillators 518

8.6 LC VCOs with Wide Tuning Range 524

8.7 Phase Noise 536

8.8 Design Procedure 571

8.8.1 Low-Noise VCOs 573

8.9 LO Interface 575

8.10 Mathematical Model of VCOs 577

8.11 Quadrature Oscillators 581

8.12 Appendix I: Simulation of Quadrature Oscillators 592

References 593

Problems 594

9.1 Basic Concepts 597

9.2 Type-I PLLs 600

9.3 Type-II PLLs 611

9.4 PFD/CP Nonidealities 627

9.5 Phase Noise in PLLs 638

9.6 Loop Bandwidth 645

9.7 Design Procedure 646

9.8 Appendix I: Phase Margin of Type-II PLLs 647

References 651

Problems 652

10.1 General Considerations 655

10.2 Basic Integer-N Synthesizer 659

10.3 Settling Behavior 661

10.4 Spur Reduction Techniques 664

10.5 PLL-Based Modulation 667

10.6 Divider Design 673

References 712

Problems 713

11.1 Basic Concepts 715

11.2 Randomization and Noise Shaping 718

11.3 Quantization Noise Reduction Techniques 738

11.4 Appendix I: Spectrum of Quantization Noise 748

References 749

Problems 749

12.1 General Considerations 751

12.2 Classification of Power Amplifiers 760

12.3 High-Efficiency Power Amplifiers 770

12.4 Cascode Output Stages 776

12.5 Large-Signal Impedance Matching 780

12.6 Basic Linearization Techniques 782

12.7 Polar Modulation 790

12.8 Outphasing 802

12.9 Doherty Power Amplifier 811

12.10 Design Examples 814

References 830

Problems 831

13.1 System-Level Considerations 833

13.2 Receiver Design 848

13.3 TX Design 861

13.4 Synthesizer Design 869

References 886

Problems 886

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