Risk Assessment for Chemicals in Drinking

A comprehensive reference on state-of-the-art risk assessment methodologies for drinking water Risk Assessment for Chemicals in Drinking Water discusses the major steps and goals in risk assessments and suggests ways to improve the methodologies and accuracy, while consolidating up-to-date information on the current principles and practices in one authoritative reference. After an enlightening overview of risk assessment practices and regulatory guidelines, it: 'ˆ— Includes descriptions of the use of variability analysis, exposure analysis, physiologically based pharmacokinetics, and modeling for both cancer and non-cancer endpoints 'ˆ— Describes the practices of major organizations, including the U.S. EPA, Health Canada, World Health Organization, and California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment 'ˆ— Includes complete chapters on risk assessment for essential nutrients, arsenic, chloroform, and perchlorate 'ˆ— Explains how to address susceptible sub-populations, including the elderly and infants and children, in risk assessments 'ˆ— Covers the potential of using genomic and proteomic screens 'ˆ— Addresses recent advances, emerging issues, and future challenges With contributions and perspectives from leading scientists, this is the definitive resource for health and environmental scientists, toxicologists, risk assessors and managers, regulators, consultants, and other professionals responsible for the safety of drinking water.

Robert A. Howd is Chief of the Water Toxicology Section in the Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment of the California EPA, supervising the production of California Public Health Goals for chemicals in drinking water. Dr. Howd has authored or coauthored over fifty formal scientific publications and numerous government reports.

Anna M. Fan is Chief of the Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology Branch, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California EPA. Dr. Fan has served on the U.S. EPA Science Advisory Board, Drinking Water Committee; the U.S. EPA Endocrine Disruptors Screening and Testing Advisory Committee; and other national advisory committees. She is an editor of the Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C: Environmental Carcinogenesis and Ecotoxicology Reviews.

Contributors	p. ix
Foreword	p. xi
Preface	p. xiii
Introduction to Drinking Water Risk Assessment	p. 1
Development of Drinking Water Regulations	p. 2
The Risk Assessment Process	p. 8
Public Perceptions and the Precautionary Principle	p. 13
References	p. 14
Summary of the Development of Federal Drinking Water Regulations and Health-Based Guidelines for Chemical Contaminants	p. 17
Selecting Candidates for Regulatory Consideration	p. 19
Key Components for Regulatory Development	p. 20
Development of Regulatory Values	p. 28
Nonregulatory Options	p. 30
References	p. 32
Interpretation of Toxicologic Data for Drinking Water Risk Assessment	p. 35
Animal Toxicity Studies	p. 38
Human Toxicity Studies	p. 47
Conclusions	p. 57
References	p. 57
Exposure Source and Multiroute Exposure Considerations for Risk Assessment of Drinking Water Contaminants	p. 67
Exposure Source Considerations in Risk Assessment	p. 68
Routes of Exposure and Dose Calculations	p. 72
References	p. 86
Toxicokinetics for Drinking Water Risk Assessment	p. 91
Evaluation of Toxicity Data	p. 93
Toxicokinetics: PBPK Modeling	p. 95
Risk Assessment	p. 101
Conclusions	p. 117
References	p. 118
Health Risk Assessment of Chemical Mixtures in Drinking Water	p. 123
Drinking Water Mixture Concerns	p. 124
Estimating Exposures to Multiple Chemicals in Drinking Water	p. 130
Toxicological Concepts for Joint Toxicity	p. 139
Chemical Mixtures Risk Assessment Methods	p. 143
New Approaches for Assessing Risk from Exposure to Drinking Water Mixtures	p. 155
Conclusions	p. 162
References	p. 163
Protection of Infants, Children, and Other Sensitive Subpopulations	p. 171
Factors Influencing Differences in Susceptibility Between Infants and Children and Adults	p. 173
Critical Systems and Periods in Development	p. 185
Age at Exposure and Susceptibility to Carcinogens	p. 189
Drinking Water Standards Developed to Protect Sensitive Subpopulations	p. 190
References	p. 192
Risk Assessment for Essential Nutrients	p. 201
Assessment Approaches	p. 203
Comparison of Guideline Values	p. 206
Risk Assessment Recommendations	p. 210
References	p. 211
Risk Assessment for Arsenic in Drinking Water	p. 213
Occurrence and Exposure	p. 214
Metabolism	p. 216
Health Effects	p. 221
Risk Assessment	p. 245
Conclusions	p. 250
References	p. 252
Risk Assessment for Chloroform, Reconsidered	p. 267
Carcinogenic Effects	p. 268
Noncancer Toxic Effects	p. 268
Mechanisms of Carcinogenicity	p. 271
Regulation of Cancer Risk	p. 280
Discussion	p. 281
References	p. 283
Risk Assessment of a Thyroid Hormone Disruptor: Perchlorate	p. 287
Background	p. 287
Human Health Risk Assessment	p. 292
Risk Characterization and Conclusions	p. 296
References	p. 298
Emerging Contaminants in Drinking Water: A California Perspective	p. 303
Emerging Chemicals of the Recent Past	p. 304
Newer Emerging Contaminants	p. 306
Future Emerging Chemicals	p. 306
Conclusions	p. 311
References	p. 312
U.S. EPA Drinking Water Field Office Perspectives and Needs for Risk Assessment	p. 315
The Nature of Regulatory Risk Assessments	p. 315
Use of Drinking Water Risk Information in EPA Field Offices	p. 318
Conclusions	p. 322
References	p. 322
Risk Assessment: Emerging Issues, Recent Advances, and Future Challenges	p. 325
Emerging Issues	p. 326
Advances in Science, Approaches, and Methods	p. 332
Conclusions	p. 357
References	p. 359
Index	p. 365
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Risk Assessment for Chemicals in Drinking Water

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