Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves Advanced

A timely and authoritative guide to the state of the art of wave scatteringScattering of Electromagnetic Waves offers in three volumes a complete and up-to-date treatment of wave scattering by random discrete scatterers and rough surfaces. Written by leading scientists who have made important contributions to wave scattering over three decades, this new work explains the principles, methods, and applications of this rapidly expanding, interdisciplinary field. It covers both introductory and advanced material and provides students and researchers in remote sensing as well as imaging, optics, and electromagnetic theory with a one-stop reference to a wealth of current research results. Plus, Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves contains detailed discussions of both analytical and numerical methods, including cutting-edge techniques for the recovery of earth/land parametric information.The three volumes are entitled respectively Theories and Applications, Numerical Simulation, and Advanced Topics. In the third volume, Advanced Topics, Leung Tsang (University of Washington) and Jin Au Kong (MIT), cover: Two-dimensional random rough surface scattering Kirchhoff and related methods for rough surface scattering Analytic theory of volume scattering based on cascading of layers Analytic wave theory for medium with permittivity fluctuations Multiple scattering theory for discrete scatterers Quasicrystalline approximation in dense media scattering Dense media scattering Backscattering enhancement

Leung Tsang is the author of Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves: Advanced Topics, published by Wiley.

Jin Au Kong was an American expert in applied electromagnetics. He was a 74th-generation lineal descendent of the famous Chinese philosopher Confucius.

Preface

xiii

Two-Dimensional Random Rough Surface Scattering Based on Small Perturbation Method

1

(64)

Electromagnetic Wave Scattering by a Perfect Electric Conductor

2

(16)

Zeroth- and First-Order Solutions

7

(4)

Second-Order Solutions

11

(7)

Electromagnetic Wave Scattering by a Dielectric Rough Surface

18

(29)

Zeroth- and First-Order Solutions

27

(9)

Second-Order Solutions

36

(11)

Coherent Reflection, Emissivities, and Bistatic Scattering Coefficients of Random Dielectric Surfaces

47

(18)

Coherent Reflection

48

(3)

Emissivities of Four Stokes Parameters

51

(7)

Bistatic Scattering Coefficients

58

(3)

References and Additional Readings

61

(4)

Kirchhoff Approach and Related Methods for Rough Surface Scattering

65

(56)

Kirchhoff Approach

66

(35)

Perfectly Conducting Rough Surface

66

(6)

Dielectric Rough Surfaces

72

(22)

Second-Order Slope Corrections

94

(7)

Phase Perturbation Method

101

(7)

Emissivity Based on Composite Surface Model

108

(13)

References and Additional Readings

118

(3)

Volume Scattering: Cascade of Layers

121

(40)

Single Scattering Solution of a Thin Layer, Coherent Wave, and Effective Propagation Constant

122

(6)

Transition Operator

128

(2)

Electromagnetic Wave Case of a Thin Layer and Extinction Matrix

130

(5)

First- and Second-Order Solutions: Incoherent Waves

135

(8)

Cascading of Layers: From First- and Second-Order Wave Solutions to Radiative Transfer Equation

143

(7)

Effects of Clustering

150

(11)

References and Additional Readings

160

(1)

Analytic Wave Theory for a Medium with Permittivity Fluctuations

161

(36)

Dyson's Equation for the Mean Field

162

(9)

Bilocal Approximation

167

(3)

Nonlinear Approximation

170

(1)

Second Moment of the Field

171

(7)

Bethe-Salpeter Equation

171

(4)

Energy Conservation

175

(3)

Strong Permittivity Fluctuations

178

(19)

Random Medium with Spherically Symmetric Correlation Function

179

(2)

Very Low Frequency Effective Permittivity

181

(1)

Effective Permittivity Under the Bilocal Approximation

182

(3)

Backscattering Coefficients

185

(2)

Results of Effective Permittivity and Bistatic Coefficients

187

(7)

References and Additional Readings

194

(3)

Multiple Scattering Theory for Discrete Scatterers

197

(48)

Transition Operator

198

(5)

Multiple Scattering Equations

203

(1)

Approximations of Multiple Scattering Equations

204

(22)

Configurational Average of Multiple Scattering Equations

205

(2)

Effective Field Approximation (EFA, Foldy's Approximation)

207

(3)

Quasi-crystalline Approximation (QCA)

210

(3)

Coherent Potential (CP)

213

(3)

Quasi-crystalline Approximation with Coherent Potential (QCA-CP)

216

(3)

Low-Frequency Solutions

219

(5)

QCA-CP for Multiple Species of Particles

224

(2)

Ward's Identity and Energy Conservation

226

(6)

Derivation of Radiative Transfer Equation from Ladder Approximation

232

(13)

References and Additional Readings

241

(4)

Quasi-Crystalline Approximation in Dense Media Scattering

245

(78)

Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves from a Half-Space of Dielectric Scatterers---Normal Incidence

246

(20)

Coherent Wave Propagation

247

(10)

Effective Phase Velocity and Attenuation Rate in the Low-Frequency Limit

257

(2)

Dispersion Relations at Higher Frequencies

259

(7)

Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves from a Half-Space of Dielectric Scatterers---Oblique Incidence

266

(14)

Dispersion Relation and Coherent Reflected Wave

266

(9)

Vertically and Horizontally Polarized Incidence

275

(5)

Cases with Size Distributions

280

(20)

Coherent Field

281

(6)

Incoherent Field Using Distorted Born Approximation

287

(13)

Dense Media Radiative Transfer Theory Based on Quasi-crystalline Approximation

300

(23)

Phase Matrix, Extinction, Scattering, and Absorption Coefficients

301

(6)

Brightness Temperature Computed with QCA-based DMRT

307

(2)

Numerical Results for Sticky and Non-Sticky Particles

309

(10)

References and Additional Readings

319

(4)

Dense Media Scattering

323

(36)

Introduction

324

(1)

Effective Propagation Constants, Mean Green's Function, and Mean Field for Half-Space Discrete Random Medium of Multiple Species

325

(4)

Derivation of Dense Media Radiative Transfer Equation (DMRT)

329

(11)

Dense Media Radiative Transfer Equations for Active Remote Sensing

340

(4)

General Relation between Active and Passive Remote Sensing with Temperature Distribution

344

(5)

Dense Media Radiative Transfer Equations for Passive Remote Sensing

349

(2)

Numerical Illustrations of Active and Passive Remote Sensing

351

(8)

References and Additional Readings

357

(2)

Backscattering Enhancement

359

(48)

Introduction

360

(6)

Volume Scattering

361

(1)

Volume Scattering in the Presence of Reflective Boundary

362

(4)

Second-Order Volume Scattering Theory of Isotropic Point Scatterers

366

(8)

Summation of Ladder Terms and Cyclical Terms for Isotropic Point Scatterers

374

(11)

Formulation

375

(5)

Numerical Illustrations

380

(5)

Anisotropic Scatterers and Diffusion Approximation

385

(22)

Summation of Ladder Terms and Cyclical Terms

386

(5)

Unidirectional Point Source Green's Function

391

(2)

Second-Order Multiple-Scattering Theory

393

(2)

Diffusion Approximation

395

(4)

Numerical Results

399

(4)

References and Additional Readings

403

(4)

Index

407

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Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves Advanced Topics

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials