Schaum's Outline of Computer Architecture

A problem/solution manual, integrating general principles and laboratory exercises, that provides students with the hands-on experience needed to master the basics of modern computer system design Features more than 200 detailed problems, with step-by-step solutions; many detailed graphics and charts; chapter summaries with additional "rapid-review" questions; and expert sidebar tips Describes analytical methods for quantifying real-world design choices regarding instruction sets, pipelining, cache, memory, I/O, and other critical hardware and software elements involved in building computers An ideal educational resource for the more than 70,000 undergraduate and graduate students who, each year, enroll in computer architecture and related courses

Nick Carter, Ph.D. (Urbana, IL) is an assistant professor at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. He holds a doctorate in computer science from MIT, has worked at IBM’s Yorktown, NY, research facility and was the memory system architect on MIT’s prestigious M-Machine project.

Introduction

1

(15)

Purpose of This Book

1

(1)

Background Assumed

1

(1)

Material Covered

1

(1)

Chapter Objectives

2

(1)

Technological Trends

2

(1)

Measuring Performance

3

(3)

Speedup

6

(1)

Amdahl's Law

6

(1)

Summary

7

(9)

Solved Problems

8

(8)

Data Representations and Computer Arithmetic

16

(29)

Objectives

16

(1)

From Electrons to Bits

16

(2)

Binary Representation of Positive Integers

18

(1)

Arithmetic Operations on Positive Integers

19

(4)

Negative Integers

23

(5)

Floating-Point Numbers

28

(7)

Summary

35

(10)

Solved Problems

36

(9)

Computer Organization

45

(18)

Objectives

45

(1)

Introduction

45

(1)

Programs

46

(4)

Operating Systems

50

(3)

Computer Organization

53

(4)

Summary

57

(6)

Solved Problems

57

(6)

Programming Models

63

(31)

Objectives

63

(1)

Introduction

63

(2)

Types of Instructions

65

(5)

Stack-Based Architectures

70

(8)

General-Purpose Register Architectures

78

(5)

Comparing Stack-Based and General-Purpose Register Architectures

83

(1)

Using Stacks to Implement Procedure Calls

84

(2)

Summary

86

(8)

Solved Problems

87

(7)

Processor Design

94

(21)

Objectives

94

(1)

Introduction

94

(1)

Instruction Set Architecture

95

(8)

Processor Microarchitecture

103

(4)

Summary

107

(8)

Solved Problems

108

(7)

Pipelining

115

(29)

Objectives

115

(1)

Introduction

115

(1)

Pipelining

116

(4)

Instruction Hazards and Their Impact on Throughput

120

(6)

Predicting Execution Time in Pipelined Processors

126

(4)

Result Forwarding (Bypassing)

130

(3)

Summary

133

(11)

Solved Problems

134

(10)

Instruction-Level Parallelism

144

(31)

Objectives

144

(1)

Introduction

144

(2)

What is Instruction-Level Parallelism?

146

(1)

Limitations of Instruction-Level Parallelism

147

(2)

Superscalar Processors

149

(1)

In-Order versus Out-of-Order Execution

149

(4)

Register Renaming

153

(3)

VLIW Processors

156

(3)

Compilation Techniques for Instruction-Level Parallelism

159

(3)

Summary

162

(13)

Solved Problems

164

(11)

Memory Systems

175

(23)

Objectives

175

(1)

Introduction

175

(1)

Latency, Throughput, and Bandwidth

176

(3)

Memory Hierarchies

179

(4)

Memory Technologies

183

(7)

Summary

190

(8)

Solved Problems

191

(7)

Caches

198

(31)

Objectives

198

(1)

Introduction

198

(1)

Data Caches, Instruction Caches, and Unified Caches

199

(1)

Describing Caches

200

(1)

Capacity

201

(1)

Line Length

201

(2)

Associativity

203

(5)

Replacement Policy

208

(2)

Write-Back versus Write-Through Caches

210

(2)

Cache Implementations

212

(1)

Tag Arrays

212

(2)

Hit/Miss Logic

214

(1)

Data Arrays

214

(2)

Categorizing Cache Misses

216

(1)

Multilevel Caches

217

(2)

Summary

219

(10)

Solved Problems

219

(10)

Virtual Memory

229

(26)

Objectives

229

(1)

Introduction

229

(1)

Address Translation

230

(3)

Demand Paging versus Swapping

233

(1)

Page Tables

234

(5)

Translation Lookaside Buffers

239

(4)

Protection

243

(2)

Caches and Virtual Memory

245

(2)

Summary

247

(8)

Solved Problems

248

(7)

I/O

255

(24)

Objectives

255

(1)

Introduction

255

(1)

I/O Buses

256

(2)

Interrupts

258

(4)

Memory-Mapped I/O

262

(2)

Direct Memory Access

264

(1)

I/O Devices

265

(1)

Disk Systems

266

(4)

Summary

270

(9)

Solved Problems

271

(8)

Multiprocessors

279

(24)

Objectives

279

(1)

Introduction

279

(1)

Speedup and Performance

280

(2)

Multiprocessor Systems

282

(3)

Message-Passing Systems

285

(1)

Shared-Memory Systems

286

(7)

Comparing Message-Passing and Shared Memory

293

(1)

Summary

294

(9)

Solved Problems

295

(8)

Index

303

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Schaum's Outline of Computer Architecture

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials