Science In The Ancient World

The first A-Z resource to catalog the achievements and legacy of more than four millennia of scientific thought in the ancient world of the Mediterranean and the Near East, providing a complete overview of the physical, chemical, life, medical, and social sciences of the classical world.

Introduction,

xi

A

Academy,

1

(1)

Aelian, Claudius (floruit early third century CE),

2

(1)

Agathemerus (floruit first century CE),

3

(1)

Agriculture,

3

(3)

Alcmaeon (floruit early sixth century BCE),

6

(1)

Alexander of Macedon (356-323 BCE),

7

(2)

Alexandria,

9

(2)

Ammianus Marcellinus (325-395 CE),

11

(2)

Anaxagoras of Clazomenae (500-428 BCE),

13

(2)

Anaximander of Miletus (610-540 BCE),

15

(1)

Anaximenes of Miletus (585-525 BCE),

15

(1)

Apollonius of Perga (floruit 235 BCE),

16

(1)

Archelaus of Athens (floruit fifth century BCE),

17

(1)

Archimedes (287-212 BCE),

17

(2)

Aristarchus of Samos (310 230 BCE),

19

(1)

Aristotle (384 322 BCE),

20

(5)

Arrian (89-180 CE),

25

(1)

Asclepiades (floruit first century BCE),

26

(1)

Asclepius/Asclepiads,

27

(2)

Asia, East and South,

29

(1)

Astronomy,

30

(5)

Athenaeus (floruit early third century CE),

35

(4)

Athens, 35 Atoms,

39

(1)

Aurelius, Marcus (121-180 CE),

40

(2)

Aurelius Augustine (354--430 CE),

42

(3)

B

Babylon,

45

(1)

Bronze Age (3500 800 BCE).,

46

(5)

C

Caesar, Julius (100-44 BCE),

51

(1)

Calendars and Dating Systems,

52

(3)

Cato, Marcus Porcius (Elder) (234-149 BCE),

55

(1)

Celsus (floruit 25 CE),

56

(1)

Cicero (106 43 BCE),

57

(1)

Columella (5 BCE. 60 CE),

58

(1)

Commentators,

58

(1)

Constantinople,

59

(3)

Constellations,

62

(1)

D

Democritus (460-370 BCE),

63

(2)

Diogenes Laertius (floruit third century CE),

65

(1)

Diogenes of Apollonia (floruit late fifth century BCE),

65

(1)

Dreams,

66

(3)

E

Easter,

69

(1)

Egypt,

69

(3)

Eleatic School,

72

(1)

Elements,

72

(1)

Empedocles (495--435 BCE),

73

(1)

Engineering and Technology,

74

(2)

Epictetus (55-135 CE),

76

(1)

Epicureanism,

76

(1)

Epicurus (341-271 BCE),

77

(1)

Erasistratus (275-194 BCE),

78

(1)

Eratosthenes (276-195 BCE),

78

(1)

Euclid (floruit 300 BCE),

79

(2)

Eudoxus of Cnidus (408-352 BCE),

81

(1)

Eunapius (floruit fifth century CE),

82

(1)

F

Frontinus, Sextus Julius (floruit late first century and early second century CE),

83

(2)

G

Galen (130 200 CE),

85

(2)

Gaza,

87

(1)

Geminus (floruit first century CE),

88

(1)

Geography /Geodesy,

88

(6)

Greek Archaic Age (800- 500 BCE),

94

(1)

Greek Classical Age (500-323 BCE),

95

(3)

Greek Hellenistic Age (323 31 BCE),

98

(3)

H

Hecataeus of Miletus (floruit 500 BCE),

101

(1)

Hcllanicus of Lesbos (floruit fifth century BCE),

101

(1)

Hellenism,

102

(1)

Heraclides of Pontus (floruit fourth century BCE),

103

(1)

Heraclitus of Ephesus (540 '180 BCE),

104

(1)

Hero (62-152 CE),

104

(1)

Herodotus of Halicarnassus (490-430 BCE),

105

(2)

Herophilus of Chalcedon (floruit third century BCE),

107

(1)

Hesiod (floruit late eighth century BCE),

107

(2)

Hipparchus (190-120 BCE),

109

(1)

Hippo of Croton (floruit late fifth century BCE),

109

(1)

Hippocrates (460-377 BCE),

109

(3)

History,

112

(3)

Homer (floruit eighth century BCE),

115

(2)

Hydraulics,

117

(2)

Hypatia of Alexandria (370 415 CE),

119

(2)

I

Iamblichus (250- 325 CE),

121

(1)

Ionians,

122

(1)

Iron Age,

123

(1)

Irrigation Techniques,

124

(3)

J

Julian (331 -363 CE),

127

(2)

L

Later Roman Empire (180-565 CE),

129

(2)

Leucippus (floruit fifth century BCE),

131

(1)

Life Sciences,

132

(2)

Logos,

134

(1)

Lucretius (floruit first century BCE),

135

(3)

Lyceum,

138

(1)

M

Magi,

139

(1)

Magic,

140

(1)

Magna Graecia,

141

(1)

Marine Science,

142

(2)

Mathematics,

144

(1)

Maximus of Ephesus (floruit fourth century CE),

145

(1)

Medicine,

146

(2)

Mesopotamia (3500-550 BCE),

148

(4)

Meteorology,

152

(1)

Miletus,

153

(2)

Military Science,

155

(3)

Mountains,

158

(3)

Myth,

161

(4)

N

Nearchus of Crete (ca. 360-312 BCE),

165

(2)

Neoplatonism,

167

(2)

New Testament,

169

(4)

O

Old Testament (Hebrew Bible),

173

(2)

Oribasius (floruit fourth century CE),

175

(2)

P

Paganism,

177

(2)

Palladius (floruit mid-fourth century BCE),

179

(1)

Peripatetic School,

179

(1)

Philo of Byzantium (260-180 BCE),

180

(1)

Philolaus (floruit fifth century BCE),

180

(1)

Philosophy,

181

(1)

Philostratus (170-250 CE),

182

(1)

Phoenicians,

183

(1)

Physical Sciences,

184

(3)

Plato (427-347 BCE),

187

(3)

Pliny the Elder (23-79 CE),

190

(3)

Pliny the Younger (61-113 CE),

193

(1)

Plotinus (205-270 CE),

194

(1)

Plutarch (46-120 CE),

195

(4)

Polybius (208-126 BCE),

199

(1)

Porphyry (234-305 CE),

200

(1)

Posidonius of Rhodes (135-50 BCE),

201

(1)

Prometheus,

201

(2)

Psychology,

203

(5)

Ptolemaeus, Claudius (100-170 CE),

208

(1)

Pythagoras (570-490 BCE),

209

(2)

Pytheas of Massilia (floruit late fourth century BCE),

211

(2)

R

Roman Principate (31 BCE-180 CE),

213

(2)

Roman Roads and Bridges,

215

(2)

Rome,

217

(4)

S

Seneca, Lucius Annaeus (5-65 CE),

221

(1)

Seven Sages,

222

(1)

Seven Wonders of the Ancient World,

223

(1)

Social Sciences,

224

(3)

Socrates (470-399 BCE),

227

(1)

Solon (640-560 BCE),

228

(1)

Stoicism,

229

(1)

Strabo (63 BCE 21 CE),

230

(3)

T

Tacitus (56-117 CE),

233

(1)

Thales (625-545 BCE),

234

(1)

Themistius (317-388 CE),

235

(1)

Theophrastus (370-286 BCE),

236

(1)

Thucydides (460-400 BCE),

237

(1)

Time,

238

(5)

V

Varro (116-27 BCE),

243

(1)

Vesuvius,

243

(2)

Vitruvius (floruit 25 BCE),

245

(2)

W

Women and Science,

247

(2)

X

Xenophanes of Colophon (570-478 BCE),

249

(1)

Xenophon (430-355 BCE),

250

(5)

Chronology,

255

(6)

Bibliography,

261

(8)

Index,

269

(22)

About the Author,

291

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Science In The Ancient World

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials