In Search of an Identity: The Politics of

This book traces the influences that have shaped the secondary school history curriculum during Hong Kong's prolonged political transition between the 1960s and the early 21st century, focusing especially on the relationship between history teaching and identity formation. The author's experience as a local history teacher during the mid-1990s made him conscious of the peculiarities of the history curriculum at the time; in particular, the neglect of Hong Kong's own history in both syllabuses and textbooks, and the unique division between 'History' and the entirely separate subject of 'Chinese History'.

PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

xi

ABBREVIATIONS

xiii

CHAPTER 1 Introduction

3

(22)

History, Nation-building and the State

6

(3)

Conceptions of 'Culture', Ethnicity and Cross-cultural Influence

9

(1)

The Nature and Purpose of Historical Study-Contrasting Approaches

10

(3)

Culture, Nationalism and History in China

13

(6)

Politics, Identity and History Education in Britain

19

(3)

The Present Study

22

(2)

Notes: 'History' / 'history'; 'England' / 'Britain'

24

(1)

CHAPTER 2 History, Politics and Education in Hong Kong

25

(32)

Introduction

25

(1)

I-The Social and Political Context

26

(15)

A. The Social and Economic Context

26

(1)

B. Hong Kong's Collaborative Politics - With or Without Colonialism

27

(14)

Phases of the Political Transition

31

(10)

Late 1970's - Early 1980's

32

(1)

1982-1989

33

(2)

1990-1997

35

(2)

post-1997

37

(4)

II-Developments in Education Policy from the late 1960's to the Present

41

(14)

Politics and the Mechanisms of Educational Policymaking

41

(4)

The Expansion of Provision and its Consequences

45

(3)

Education, Patriotism and Political Socialisation

48

(4)

Chinese History and Culture in the Hong Kong School Curriculum

52

(3)

Conclusion

55

(2)

CHAPTER 3 History, Culture and the Politics of Identity in Hong Kong

57

(22)

Hong Kong Ethnicity

57

(2)

The Hong Kong 'Lifestyle'

59

(3)

History, Identity and Popular Culture in Hong Kong

62

(6)

History and Politics in Transitional Hong Kong-the Hong Kong Museum of History

68

(6)

Concluding Remarks

74

(5)

CHAPTER 4 The History Curriculum from the 1960's to 1982

79

(32)

Introduction

79

(1)

Curriculum Content and Aims

80

(13)

The 1975 'Interim Syllabus for History' at Junior Secondary Level

84

(1)

Syllabuses for HKCE level (Forms 4 and 5)

85

(2)

A'level Syllabuses

87

(1)

The Disappearance of Local History

88

(5)

The Curriculum Development Process

93

(10)

The Curriculum Development Bureaucracy, and Talk of Curriculum Reform

94

(4)

The Lack of a Professional Association for History Teachers

98

(2)

The Setting of Public Examinations

100

(2)

Overseas Influence

102

(1)

Textbooks, Local History and Political Sensitivity

103

(4)

Conclusion

107

(4)

CHAPTER 5 History in Crisis: 1982-1989

111

(40)

Introduction

111

(2)

Curriculum Content and Aims

113

(13)

The 'Syllabus for History (Forms I-V)' (1983)

114

(3)

The Sixth-form Syllabuses (Higher Level and A' Level)

117

(3)

An Overview of Syllabus Content

120

(3)

Local History

123

(3)

The Curriculum Development Process

126

(21)

The CDC, the HKEA and Curriculum Change in the Early 1980's

127

(3)

The HKEA and the Response to Falling Candidatures

130

(2)

The HKEA, the Universities, and the Sixth-form Curriculum

132

(1)

The Involvement of Teachers in the Work of the HKEA

133

(3)

The Role of Overseas Influences in the Curriculum Development Process

136

(5)

The Monitoring of Teaching Materials

141

(3)

Concerns over Language, and the Introduction of Data-based Questions (DBQs)

144

(3)

Conclusion

147

(4)

CHAPTER 6 Curriculum Change in a Climate of Uncertainty: 1989-1997

151

(46)

Introduction

151

(1)

Curriculum Content and Aims

152

(11)

An Overview of Syllabus Changes

152

(1)

The Junior Secondary Syllabus

153

(3)

The HKCE Syllabus (Forms 4-5)

156

(2)

The New Sixth-form Syllabus (A/AS level) of 1991/92 (first examined in 1994)

158

(5)

Local History - Content and Aims

163

(10)

Local History at A'level

165

(4)

Local History in the Junior Syllabus

169

(4)

The Curriculum Development Process

173

(20)

The CDI and the Institutional Mechanism for Curriculum Development

173

(2)

The Politics of Local History, and 'Guided Self-censorship'

175

(10)

The Curriculum for Secondary 4-5 - Assessment Reform and/or Syllabus Revision?

185

(4)

The Making of the New AL/AS-level Curriculum

189

(3)

The Provision of Teaching and Learning Materials

192

(1)

Conclusion

193

(4)

CHAPTER 7 1997-2002: New Hong Kong - New History?

197

(32)

Introduction

197

(2)

The Revision of the HKCE History Syllabus - a False Start: 1996-1999

199

(6)

The New HKCE History Curriculum - the 2002 Consultation Process and its Outcome

205

(11)

Changes to the Curriculum for Chinese History

216

(5)

Local History in the Chinese History Curriculum for Junior Forms

217

(1)

HKCE Chinese History - the New Curriculum

218

(3)

The 'New History' Controversy

221

(5)

Concluding Remarks

226

(3)

CHAPTER 8 Conclusion

229

(26)

Introduction

229

(1)

Summary

230

(9)

1-Changes to Curriculum Content

230

(5)

2-The Curriculum Development Process

235

(4)

History Teaching, Culture and Colonialism

239

(6)

Politics, Colonialism and Hong Kong's Two Histories

240

(5)

Chinese History, Identity and Culturalism - 'One China', or Many?

245

(6)

Democracy and the 'Craft' of History in Hong Kong

251

(4)

APPENDIX

255

(4)

NOTES

259

(40)

BIBLIOGRAPHY

299

(12)

INDEX

311

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In Search of an Identity: The Politics of History Teaching in Hong Kong, 1960s-2000

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